آزاد دائرۃ المعارف، ویکیپیڈیا سے
| IPA |
Examples |
IPA |
Examples[1] |
English approximation
|
| حرف صحیحs
|
| b
|
бок; небо
|
bʲ
|
беглый; воробей
|
boot; beautiful
|
| d
|
дом; деда
|
dʲ
|
делает; Владимир
|
do; adieu
|
| f
|
фата; выставка;[2] Чехов;[3] шурф
|
fʲ
|
фея; червь[3]
|
fool; few
|
| ɡ
|
говорю; другой
|
ɡʲ
|
гербарий; ноги
|
goo; argue
|
| ɣ
|
Господи;[4] interj. ага, ого[4]
|
|
|
|
j
|
есть; юла; я; толстый[5]
|
yes, boy
|
| k
|
кость; книга; рука; бок
|
kʲ
|
кишки; короткий
|
cool; cute
|
| l
|
луна; стула ; ствол[6]
|
lʲ
|
лес; колено; мысль
|
pill; least
|
| m
|
мыло; думать; там
|
mʲ
|
мясо; доме
|
moot; mute
|
| n
|
нос; он
|
nʲ
|
нёс; они; корень
|
noon; newt (for some dialects)
|
| p
|
пыль; тропа; скрип; зуб[3]
|
pʲ
|
пепел; зыбь[3]
|
pool; pew
|
| r
|
рыба; широкий; орла; жир
|
rʲ
|
река; четыре; три; зверь
|
trilled r, like in Spanish
|
| s
|
собака; писать; нос; глаз[3]
|
sʲ
|
синий; здесь; есть; грызть[2]
|
soup; assume (for some dialects)
|
| ʂ
|
широкий; наш; хороший; муж;[3] что
|
ɕː
|
щегол; считать; мужчина; вращать[7]
|
shop; fish show, fresh cheese
|
| t
|
тот; читаю; водка;[2] лёд[3]
|
tʲ
|
тереть; дитя; грудь[3]
|
tool; tune (for some dialects)
|
| t͡s
|
цель; птица; отец
|
t͡ɕ
|
чай; печень; течь
|
tsunami, cats; chip
|
| v
|
ваш; давать; его[8]
|
vʲ
|
вести; человек
|
voodoo; view
|
| x
|
ходить; ухо; Бог[4]
|
xʲ
|
хина; лёгкий[2][4]
|
German Bach or Scottish loch;
huge (for some dialects).
|
| z
|
заезжать; язык
|
zʲ
|
зелёный; озеро; просьба;[2]
|
zoo; azure (for some dialects)
|
| ʐ
|
жест; тяжёлый
|
ʑː
|
дрожжи; заезжать[9]
|
rouge; asia
|
|
| IPA
|
Examples
|
English approximation
|
| Stressed مصوتs
|
| a
|
трава́
|
father
|
| æ
|
пять
|
pat
|
| ɑ
|
па́лка[10]
|
palm
|
| e
|
пень (after palatalized consonants)
|
pay
|
| ɛ
|
жест; э́то
|
met
|
| i
|
си́него
|
meet
|
| ɨ
|
ты; ши́шка
|
roses (for some dialects)
|
| o
|
о́блако
|
chore
|
| ɵ
|
тётя
|
audio
|
| u
|
пу́ля
|
pool
|
| ʉ
|
чуть; ю́жный
|
choose
|
| Unstressed vowels
|
| ɐ
|
паро́м; сообража́ть; тропа́
|
bud
|
| ə
|
ко́жа; ше́я; о́блако
|
about
|
| ɪ
|
тяжёлый; эта́п; четы́ре
|
bit
|
| ɨ
|
дыша́ть; жена́; го́ды
|
dinner
|
| ʉ
|
юти́ться
|
youth
|
| ʊ
|
мужчи́на
|
put
|
| Other symbols used in transcription of Russian pronunciation
|
| IPA |
Explanation
|
| ˈ
|
Stress (placed before the stressed syllable),
for example этап [ɪˈtap]
|
|
- ↑ Russian makes contrasts between palatalized ("soft") and unpalatalized ("hard") consonants. Palatalized consonants, denoted by a superscript j, ‹ ʲ› , are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, in a manner similar to the articulation of the y sound in yes. /j/, /ɕː/, /tɕ/, /ʑː/ are also considered "soft".
- ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ In consonant clusters, the voicing or devoicing is determined by that of the final obstruent in the sequence (Halle 1959:31)
- ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث ج چ Voiced obstruents (/b/, /bʲ/, /d/, /dʲ/ /ɡ/, /v/, /vʲ/, /z/, /zʲ/, /ʐ/, and /ʑː/) are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent (Halle 1959:22).
- ^ ا ب پ ت In some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as "Господи!", "Бог", as well as interjections, ‹г› is more often pronounced [ɣ] and [x]. When /ɡ/ loses its voicing, it is also lenited (a form of dissimilation) before plosives in the word roots -мягк-/-мягч-, -легк-/-легч-, -тягч-, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of -ногт-, -когт-, кто.
- ↑ The "soft" vowel letters <е> <ю> and <я> represent a /j/ plus a vowel when initial or following other vowels or a yer. When such vowels are unstressed, the /j/ may be deleted.
- ↑ /l/ is often strongly pharyngealized [ɫ] but this feature is nondistinctive (Ladefoged اور Maddieson 1996:187-188).
- ↑ While many speakers pronounce words with ‹щ› as [ɕɕ] and others as [ɕtɕ], none contrast the two pronunciations. This generally includes words spelled with other letters, though speakers with the [ɕɕ] pronunciation may still pronounce words like считывать with [ɕtɕ] because of the morpheme boundary between ‹с› and ‹ч›.
- ↑ Intervocalic <г> can represent /v/ in certain words and affixes
- ↑ In many dialects, the phoneme /ʑː/ is replaced with /ʐ/.
- ↑ [ɑ] appears between a hard consonant (or a pause) and /l/
