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Hatra

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
Hatra
archaeological site, ancient city, city-state
Yu'gahindiliHatrénien Mali niŋ
TiŋaIraq Mali niŋ
Capital ofKingdom of Araba Mali niŋ
Din be shɛli polonaNineveh Governorate Mali niŋ
Tiŋgbaŋ yaɣili calinli35°35′17″N 42°43′6″E Mali niŋ
Tiŋgbani zuɣ'lanaSanatruq I, Sanatruq II Mali niŋ
Bal' tɔɣasiraAramaic of Hatra, Latin, Palmyrene Aramaic, Iranian, Koine Greek Mali niŋ
Significant eventList of World Heritage in Danger, Fall of Hatra Mali niŋ
Wuhigi,kpihimbu, dabisili241 Mali niŋ
Heritage designationWorld Heritage Site Mali niŋ
World Heritage soli(ii), (iii), (iv), (vi) Mali niŋ
Map
E-Class

Hatra (Arabic: الحضر; Syriac: ‎ܚܛܪܐ) daa nyɛla tiŋ' kurili m-be ancient Upper Mesopotamia ka be ti pumpɔŋɔ eastern Nineveh Governorate din be northeastern Iraq. Tiŋa maa dola 290 km (180 mi) northwest ni Baghdad ni 110 km (68 mi) southwest ni Mosul.

Hatra daa nyɛla caravan city nima ni dihi tabili ni yaa ka lahi nyɛ tiŋ'zuɣu zaŋ ti tiŋ'bila din nyɛ Arab Kingdom of Hatra, ka di daa be Roman mini Parthian/Persian empires sunsuuni. Hatra nyɛla din daa chaŋ tooni pam 2nd century, ka daa lahi saɣim ka wurim 3rd century maa puuni. Di wurimbu maa daa nyɛla din ni daa baŋ shɛli 19th century puuni.

Yuli

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Hatra mi mi ni al-Ḥaḍr (الحضر) Laribanchi puuni. Di sabbu ni nyɛ shɛm n-nyɛ; ḥṭrʾ 𐣧𐣨𐣣𐣠‎ (Ḥaṭrā) din be Hatran Aramaic sabbu puuni, di gbunni tooi nyɛ "enclosure, hedge, fence". Syriac puuni, di sabbu puuni be tooi sabiri li mi di zaɣ'bɔbigu sabbu Ḥaṭrē. Roman works puuni, di sabiri la Greek Átra mini Latin Hatra mini Hatris.

Tiŋ' maa suuna yuli n-kuli nyɛ Beit ʾElāhāʾ 𐣡𐣩𐣵 𐣠𐣫𐣤𐣠‎ " Naawuni Yiŋa", Hatran Aramaic sabbu puuni ka daa namini lahi sabi "Enclosure of Shamash" (ḥtrʾ d-šmš 𐣧𐣨𐣣𐣠 𐣣𐣴𐣬𐣴‎) m-pa kurigu laɣiri zuɣu.

Taarihi

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Archeological lahabali shɛli kani zaŋ kpa tiŋ maa polo pɔi ni Parthian saha maa amaa ya din daa be nimaani polo zaa daa yɛn nyɛla Seleucid saha ya. [1]Hatra daa nyɛla din chaŋ tooni pam Parthians maa ni daa gbubi li, 1st and 2nd centuries AD saha maa, di ni daa nyɛ adiini mini daabilim yaɣili maa. [2]Di ni daa ti paai saha shɛli, tiŋa maa daa nyɛla tiŋ'shɛli din nyɛ tuuli n-leei tiŋ'zuɣu n-ti Laribaawanima pɔlo nam zaŋ jɛndi dari shɛli Laribaawa tinsi mali zɔri ka cheri Hatra, northeast maa puuni, via Palmyra, Baalbek mini Petra, din be southwest. Yaɣili maa daa Hatra nima ni yuuni shɛli zuɣu , dama n-daa nyɛ Kingdom of Hatra, din nyɛ semi-autonomous buffer kingdom m-be western limits ban nyɛ Parthian Empire, ban Gɔmnanti daa nyɛ Arabian princes.

bronze coin struck in Hatra circa 117–138 AD, obverse depicts radiate bust of Shamash
Plan of Hatra

Hatra daa lee la tiŋ'shɛli din mali dariza ka daa nyɛ ban tum talahi tuma pam zaŋ kpa Parthian tɔbu din daa pahiri ayi la ni, bɛ daa kuli nyɛla baa deeri lirisi Roman empire nima sani din kuli labiri niŋ da ka muɣisigu shɛli ka ba.

2nd century CE maa saha, tiŋa maa daa repulsed sieges Trajan (116/117) Septimius Severus (198/199)nima zaa sani. [3]Hatra's Linjimanima daa nyaŋ la ascendant Sassanid Persians nima 238 puuni tɔbu din yuli daa bɔli nim Shahrazor Tɔbu puuni, amaa ka di daa bɛ tooi biɛla ka di lu 241saha nyaaŋa n-zaŋ ti ban nyɛ army of Sassanid king Shapur I ka daa wurim. [4]Kurimbuni lahabali zaŋ chaŋ Hatra lubu maa nyɛla din yɛri al-Nadirah, ŋun daa nyɛ Laribaawa nima naa bi' puɣimbila yɛltɔɣa, ŋun daa yi tiŋa maa nyaaŋa chaŋ ti lu Shapur nima nua ni, o kore ni daa kpe o ni zuɣu. Lahabali maa yɛrila Shapur ni daa ku naa maa shɛm ka kpuɣi al-Nadirah, amaa ka daa ti ka bɛ ku o , saha shɛli o ni baŋ ni o daa ka nin'tiɣili zaŋ kpa o ba polo[[5]][6].

Hatra daa nyɛla daa nyɛla luɣ' shɛli gbubi viɛnyɛla pam ka lahi nyɛ din mali lahabali pam shɛhira din be Parthian tiŋ' puuni. [7]Di tiɛha daa nyɛla din nyɛ zaɣ'kpulli, ka daa zaŋ Goma gili di puuni mini di nyaaŋa zaa din miri kilomita dibaayi (2 )kilometres (1.2 mi) diameter [8]puuni , ka daa nya sɔŋsim taawanima (towers) gari 160 sani. Temenos (τέμενος) shɛli din gili the principal sacred buildings din be tiŋa maa sunsuuni. Temple nima maa bɔbi la 1.2 hectares ka di daa nyɛ Temple kara ni zooi luɣ' shɛli, enormous structure shɛli din mali vaults mini columns din daa ti zooi hali ni 30 metres. Tiŋa maa daa nyɛla niriba ni mi shɛli yɛla domini di fusion of Greek, Mesopotamian, Canaanite, Aramean ni Laribaawanim pantheons, Aramaic nima ni mi shɛli Beiṯ Ĕlāhā ("House of God"). [9]Tiŋa maa daa mali la Temple nima hali ni Nergal (Assyrian-Babylonian mini Akkadian), Hermes (Greek), Atargatis (Syro-Aramaean), Allat, Shamiyyah (Arabian), ni Shamash (the Mesopotamian sun god). Buɣu shɛŋa yuya di ni bɔli Hatran Aramaic inscriptions maa puuni n-daa nyɛ Aramaean Ba'al Shamayn, ka buɣu shɛli din mi daa nyɛ paɣa yuli nyɛ Ashurbel, din daa nyɛ buɣa ayi din kpini taba n-nyɛ which Assyrian god Ashur mini the Babylonian Bel—despite ka bɛ zaa nyɛ dabba.

Art of Hatra

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John M. Rosenfield yɛliya, ni statuary zaŋ ti Hatra nyɛla Parthian cultural sphere nima dini, din nyɛ din ŋmani taba pam zaŋ kpa di shɛba polo, di naɣ' chiinsi dihibu nɛma bee di zaa, din yɛn che ka di niŋ massive mini frontal, ka di naba kuli nyɛ din diri dari saha shɛli kam. Architecture zaŋ ti Hatra maŋmaŋa nyɛla sokam ni yulindi shɛli ka di nyɛ shɛhirili din nyɛ Parthian architecture. Di ŋmahima maa shɛŋa beni ni tooi nya ka di mali Art of the Kushans gba yaha, di liɣiri nyabu nyɛ mi ka a dɔli taada taɣibu din be Mesopotamia mini Kushan Empire yaɣili maa lala saha maa, bee ka di yi Parthian artistic background din tahiri ŋmahima balibu balibu na.

Tiŋbani zuɣulan kura=

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Sabbu din yina Hatra boli nanima ŋɔ yuya. Ka ban sabiri mi boli shɛba yuya. Daliŋ din nyɛ mrjʾ (māryā, "lord"), n wuhiri ban pili li dibu,ka daliŋ din mi nyɛ mlkʾ d-ʿrb ("king of the Arabs"; malkā, "king"),wuhiri ban yoli di li.[10]


Name Title Date Portrait Note
1 Worod mry´
2 Ma’nu mry´
3 Elkud mry´ 155/156
4 Nashrihab mry´ 128/29 - 137/38 AD
5 Naṣru mry´ 128/29 - 176/77
6 Wolgash I mry´ and mlk The two brothers may have been co-rulers.
7 Sanatruq I mry´ and mlk 176/177 Victory relief of Sanatruq I, king of Hatra. He is using a small altar at his feets.
8 Abdsamiya mlk 192/93 - 201/202 Prince Absadmiya, son of Sanatruq I and future king. Supported the Roman emperor Pescennius Niger
9 Sanatruq II mlk - King 207/08 - 229/230 Statue of Sanatruq II, king of Hatra, Iraq Museum. Became a vassal of the Romans under Gordian III during Roman-Persian Wars


Art of Hatra

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John M. Rosenfield yɛltɔɣa wuhiya, ni binshɛŋa bɛ ni kpɛ n zali Hatra nyɛla Parthian cultural sphere ni su shɛli, ka mali ŋmahima pam zaŋ chaŋ kamani sitira, nachiinsi nɛma, kamali yɛliŋ.[11] Hatra maŋ maŋ mɛbu nyɛla sokam ni nyɛ shɛlibka di nyɛ Parthian mɛbu ŋmahinli.[11] Di lahi nyɛla din mali Art of the Kushans ŋmali, din tooi nyɛla Mesopotamia mini Kushan Empire daa mali la bɛ kaya wuhiri taba lala saha ŋɔ, bee bɛ zaa pili mi ni Parthian mɛbu baŋsim ka di chɛ ka di zaa mali ŋmali din nyɛ zaɣi yinsi ŋɔ.[11]

Ʒiɛmana Hatra

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Archaeological site of Hatra before destruction, 0:59, UNESCO video

Hatra ka bɛ daa zaŋ ka piligi 1973 filim din yuli nyɛ The Exorcist,[12] ni tum 1985 di nyɛla UNESCO Duniya Siɣ'li Yaɣ'li.[13]

Walter Andrae ŋun nyɛ German ban daa laɣim di chiri tiŋgbani Assur yuuni 1906 zaŋ chaŋ 1911 n daa nyɛ ŋun zahim tiŋgbani ŋɔ tuuli. Amaa di pa gbimi doli soli 1951, Iraqi binkura baŋsim nira n daa gbi li. Yuuni 1980s, Itali binkura vihigu baŋda ,[14] R. Ricciardi Venco (University of Turin) ni daa wuhi so bahi ni, daa niŋ vihugum pam Hatra. Bɛ daa gbirimi bori yili din kpa talahi ("Building A"[15]), din daa baɣi Temenos. Saha ŋɔ bɛ niŋ la nimmohi ni bɛ gu ka tooi lɛbigi lala binkura yaɣili ŋɔ.[16] Yuuni 1990, "Polish" vihigu nima zaŋ ti Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw daa sabi mi soŋ ka bohim zaŋ kpa dikpuna din taɣiri li polo.[17] Michał Gawlikowski (PCMA UW) n daa wuhiba.[18]

Yunni 2004, The Daily Telegraph daa wuhiya ni "Hatra's gubu ni di zaa chɛ mi ka di mali korisi"[19]

Restoration by Saddam Hussein

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Saddam Hussein nyɛla Mesopotamian taarihi ka di yari o maŋmaŋ yɛltɔŋa, ka bori ni o labi zali li, ni ban pahi be Ninevah, Nimrud, Ashur mini Babylon, ni di niŋ dalinli zaŋti Arabni zali binshɛɣu ,[20] ka di liɣiri din kalinli gari US$80 milliyɔŋ Babylon tuuli labi zali ni. Saddam Hussein bori mi ni bloku palli shɛŋa bɛ ni yan zaŋ mɛ li mali o yuli (ka di buɣisiri Nebuchadnezzar) ka Hatra binbini shɛli bini labi zali la mali Saddam's yuli.[21]

Destruction by ISIL

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Islamic State of Iraq ni Levant tum-tuunsa, din daa deei yaɣali yuuni 2014, nyɛla variɣu kpeeini n ti Hatra. Yuuni 2015 piligu-piligu be daa moli be niya ni bini saɣim  ben yari pam, kadama ni "graven images" daa nyɛla din pa adiini ni saɣiti shɛli, ka kpaŋsiri buɣa jambu, ka bi daa kɔŋ biɛhigu dini, di mini be daa kuli guli yaɣali ŋɔ zali yuma 1,400 adiini saha nim din gari. ISIL soojɛ hala nim daa lɔ alikawuli ni bini bahi wurim mɛhi din kpalim maa. Di nyaanga di daa be yuui, ka bi yihi sinii na n wuhiri Hatra mɛhi ni daa saɣim saɣim ʒɛm.[22][23] Di ni daa niŋ ka be wurim Nimrud yuuni 2015, March 5, Abdulamir Hamdani, ŋun nyɛ Iraqi kurumbuni binkura baŋda ka yina Stony Brook University daa yɛliya "dooli Hatra n-yɛn paya".[24] March 7 dali, Kurdish mini Iraqi dihitabili yaɣa daa wuhiya ni ISIS piligi mɛhi din be Hatra ʒinluhi.[25][26] Goli nyaanga ISIL ni daa yihi sinii shɛli na daa wuhiri  monomɛnti nim saɣimbu.[27]

UNESCO mini ISESCO daa yihi bini laɣim sabi shɛli n yɛli " yɛtɔya bɛɣu din niŋ Hatra ŋɔ, ( IS laɣingu) yihi ninʒiɛŋ ka di wuhiri Laribaawa niribe taarihi ni be fali.[28] Pro-Iraqi gɔmnanti Popular Mobilization Forces daa gbaa tiŋ ŋɔ la 26 April 2017.[29] Paɣa ŋun nyɛ kukoli n ti daa yɛliya ni ISIL nyɛla ban wurim mɛhi ka saɣim anfooni nim ŋan be yaɣali ŋɔ, amaa di dikiya ni di taawa nima dim daa na kuli nyɛla dini zaya amaa ka leei deei voya mini kɔribu din yina ISIL nim kukoli ŋmɛra ni.

PMF yaɣa gba daa yɛliya ni grupu din daa gbi tingbani ariʒichi yaɣali ŋɔ wulinpuhili polo dundɔya, ka di nyɛ din taɣari kurumbuni binkura baŋdiba ni be di sahim daŋsi.[30] May goli dahin yini daali lahibali daa yina zaŋ kpa yaɣali ŋɔ din deei daŋsi bela dii niŋ kadi zaŋ maɣisi daŋ shɛŋa din pun paali. EFE lahibali tira daa pun yihi vihisi na wuhiri bini daa saɣim mɛhi, ka nyo duri shɛm. Layla Salih, ŋun nyɛ kpɛm n ti antiquities zaŋ ti Nineveh Governorate, daa yɛliya ni duri ŋɔ pam daa nyɛla bin shɛɣu ni be niŋ ka saɣimbu ŋɔ bi saŋli ŋmahindi kurumbuni binkura yaɣa din be Iraq. PMF komanda gbaa da yɛliya ni lala muɣsiɣu  ŋɔ nyɛla din be galisi.[31]

Anfooni nima

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  • Remains of several temples and ancient walls (2004)
    Remains of several temples and ancient walls (2004)
  • Elevated view of the site in 2007
    Elevated view of the site in 2007
  • Temple facade (May 2006)
    Temple facade (May 2006)
  • Southern exposure of the temple (May 2006)
    Southern exposure of the temple (May 2006)
  • July 2008
    July 2008
  • Marn Temple (November 2008)
    Marn Temple (November 2008)
  • November 2008
    November 2008
  • American soldiers at the site, September 2010
    American soldiers at the site, September 2010
  • American soldiers at the site, September 2010
    American soldiers at the site, September 2010
  • Elevated view of the temple (September 2014)
    Elevated view of the temple (September 2014)
  • Detail of a temple, showing Hellenistic, Mesopotamian and Iranian architecture
    Detail of a temple, showing Hellenistic, Mesopotamian and Iranian architecture
  • Decorated arch with faces
    Decorated arch with faces
  • View of iwans
    View of iwans
  • Closeup of an iwan
    Closeup of an iwan
  • Facade of Temple
    Facade of Temple
  • Arch of the temple
    Arch of the temple
  • Protruded head on a wall
    Protruded head on a wall
  • Statue of the Goddess Shahiro
    Statue of the Goddess Shahiro
  • From left to right, an unidentified ruler, Hermes, a female deity, and Sanatruq I.From Hatra. Erbil Civilization Museum
    From left to right, an unidentified ruler, Hermes, a female deity, and Sanatruq I.From Hatra. Erbil Civilization Museum
  • Door lintel from Hatra. 2nd-3rd century AD. Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraqi Kurdistan
    Door lintel from Hatra. 2nd-3rd century AD. Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraqi Kurdistan

Climate/Tulim mini maasim

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Hatra ='"hot semi-arid climate" (Köppen climate classification BSh). Wari saha ka saa tooi miri ni. Di tulim galisim tooi paari 20.7 °C (69.3 °F). Maligim ka mani 257 mm (10.12 in) tooi luri ni .

Climate data for Hatra (Al Hadar)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 12.8
(55.0) 		15.8
(60.4) 		19.8
(67.6) 		25.3
(77.5) 		33.0
(91.4) 		39.0
(102.2) 		42.3
(108.1) 		42.1
(107.8) 		37.9
(100.2) 		31.0
(87.8) 		22.5
(72.5) 		14.8
(58.6) 		28.0
(82.4)
Average low °C (°F) 3.2
(37.8) 		4.6
(40.3) 		7.6
(45.7) 		11.7
(53.1) 		17.3
(63.1) 		21.8
(71.2) 		24.8
(76.6) 		24.1
(75.4) 		19.7
(67.5) 		14.3
(57.7) 		8.8
(47.8) 		4.1
(39.4) 		13.5
(56.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 43
(1.7) 		39
(1.5) 		49
(1.9) 		36
(1.4) 		13
(0.5) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		8
(0.3) 		25
(1.0) 		44
(1.7) 		257
(10.1)
Source: climate-data.org

Lihi pahi

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Lua bi niŋ dede:bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal')

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Kundivihira

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  1. ↑ "Encyclopædia Iranica", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-11-17, retrieved 2022-12-13
  2. ↑ "Hatra", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-09-29, retrieved 2022-12-13
  3. ↑ "Hatra", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-09-29, retrieved 2022-12-13
  4. ↑ "Hatra", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-09-29, retrieved 2022-12-13
  5. ↑ "CHAPTER XXVII. AFTER HER HUSBAND IS KILLED IN AN ENGAGEMENT, COURAGE ESCAPES ON HER MULE. SHE MEETS A BAND OF GYPSIES, WHOSE LIEUTENANT TAKES HER AS HIS WIFE. SHE TELLS THE FORTUNE OF A YOUNG LADY IN LOVE, PURLOINING FROM HER IN THE PROCESS ALL HER JEWELS WITHOUT BEING ABLE TO HOLD ON TO THEM FOR LONG; SHE GETS A GOOD BEATING AND IS FORCED TO RETURN THEM.", Courage, The Adventuress and The False Messiah, Princeton University Press, pp. 216–219, 1964-12-31, retrieved 2022-12-13
  6. ↑ "Hatra", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-09-29, retrieved 2022-12-13
  7. ↑ "Hatra", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-09-29, retrieved 2022-12-13
  8. ↑ "Hatra", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-09-29, retrieved 2022-12-13
  9. ↑ "Hatra", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-09-29, retrieved 2022-12-13
  10. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Rosenfield, John M. (1967). The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans (in English). University of California Press. pp. 170–173.
  12. ↑ Freeman, Colin s (25 June 2014). "Iraq's 'Exorcist' temple falls into Isis jihadist hand". The Telegraph (London). https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10925751/Iraqs-Exorcist-temple-falls-into-Isis-jihadist-hands.html.
  13. ↑ Hatra. UNESCO.
  14. ↑ Hatra – Italian Archaeological Expedition
  15. ↑ L'Edificio A (it-IT) (2016-11-25).
  16. ↑ Progetti/ Projects (it-IT) (2016-12-10).
  17. ↑ Gawlikowski, Michał (1991). "The first season of excavations in Hatra, Iraq.". Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean. 2.
  18. ↑ Hatra.
  19. ↑ Freeman, Colin (4 January 2004). American troops launch 'Exorcist' tour at ancient temple. The Telegraph.
  20. ↑ Lawrence Rothfield (1 Aug 2009). The Rape of Mesopotamia: Behind the Looting of the Iraq Museum. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226729435.
  21. ↑ Ancient Hatra Ruins. Defense Video & Imagery Distribution System (9 September 2006).
  22. ↑ "Hatra", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-09-29, retrieved 2022-12-08
  23. ↑ "Hatra", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-09-29, retrieved 2022-12-08
  24. ↑ "Hatra", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-09-29, retrieved 2022-12-08
  25. ↑ "Hatra", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-09-29, retrieved 2022-12-08
  26. ↑ "Hatra", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-09-29, retrieved 2022-12-08
  27. ↑ "Hatra", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-09-29, retrieved 2022-12-08
  28. ↑ "Hatra", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-09-29, retrieved 2022-12-09
  29. ↑ "Hatra", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-09-29, retrieved 2022-12-09
  30. ↑ "Hatra", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-09-29, retrieved 2022-12-09
  31. ↑ "Hatra", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-09-29, retrieved 2022-12-09
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