The introductions of the country, dependency and region entries are in the native languages and in English. The other introductions are in English.
Stielers Handatlas 1891
Stielers Handatlas 1891 Stielers Handatlas (after Adolf Stieler, 1775-1836), formally titled "Hand-Atlas über alle Theile der Erde und über das Weltgebäude", was the leading German world atlas of the last three decades of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. Published by Justus Perthes of Gotha (established 1785 and still existing there) it went through ten editions from 1816 to 1944. As with many 19th century publications, an edition was issued in parts; for example, the eighth edition was issued in 32 monthly parts.
The first edition, by Stieler and Christian Gottlieb Reichard (1758-1837) was published beginning in 1817 and completed in 1823 (50 maps). After Stieler's death Friedrich von Stülpnagel (1786-1865) edited the second (1845-47) and third (1852-54) editions (both 83 maps); a fourth edition appeared 1862-64, a fifth 1866-68 (each 84 maps).
However, it was not until the sixth edition (1871-75, 90 maps), edited by August Petermann (1822-78), Hermann Berghaus (1828-1890) and Carl Vogel (1828-1897), that the work reached the high scientific level and the unsurpassed relief Stieler's Atlas is famous for. A seventh edition was issued 1879-82; an eighth 1888-91 (both 95 maps) under the direction of Hermann Berghaus, Vogel and Hermann Habenicht (1844-1917). Although the printing industry had already changed to lithography for some time, some maps in Stieler's Atlas were still reproduced by copper-plate printing on hand presses with hand colouring into the 1890s.
Das Deutsche Reich in 4 Blättern, Blatt 1 (Schleswig-Holstein, Hannover, Oldenburg, Mecklenburg, Braunschweig, Westfalen. Nebenkarte: Ruhrgebiet) German Empire in four sheets. Sheet 1 (Schleswig-Holstein, Hanover, Oldenburg, Mecklenburg, Brunswick, Westfalia. Inset: Ruhr area)
Das Deutsche Reich in 4 Blättern, Blatt 2 (Pommern, Westpreußen, Ostpreußen, Posen) German Empire in four sheets. Sheet 2 (Pomerania, Western and Eastern Prussia, Posen)
Das Deutsche Reich in 4 Blättern, Blatt 3 (Bayern, Württemberg, Baden, Elsass-Lothringen, Hessen, Hessen-Nassau, Rheinland) German Empire in four sheets. Sheet 3 (Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden, Elsass-Lotharingia, Hesse, Hesse-Nassau, Rhineland)
Das Deutsche Reich in 4 Blättern, Blatt 4 (Schlesien. Nebenkarten: Berlin, Industrieregionen Oberschlesien und Saarland, Kriegshäfen Wilhelmshaven und Kiel) German Empire in four sheets. Sheet 4 (Silesia. Insets: Berlin, Upper Silesia and Saar industrial regions, Wilhelmshaven and Kiel naval ports)
Sachsen, Thüringen und benachbarte Länder Saxony, Thuringia and nearby states
Süd-West Deutschland und Schweiz. Nördlicher Theil (Hessen, Pfalz, Lothringen, Luxemburg, Nordbaden, Württemberg. Nebenkarten: Straßburg und Metz) Southwestern Germany and Switzerland, northern part (Hesse, Palatinate, Lotharingia, Luxemburg, Baden, Württemberg. Insets: Strassburg and Metz)
Süd-West Deutschland und Schweiz. Südlicher Theil (Schweiz, Elsass, Südbaden, Hohenzollern) Southwestern Germany and Switzerland, southern part (Switzerland, Elsass, Baden, Hohenzollern)
Frankreich. Übersicht (Belgien, Schweiz, Liste der Départements. Nebenkarte: Paris) France. Overview (Belgium, Switzerland, List of departements. Inset: Paris)
Frankreich in 4 Blättern, Blatt 1 (Bretagne, Normandie) France in 4 sheets, sheet 1 (Britanny, Normandy)
Frankreich in 4 Blättern, Blatt 2 (Champagne, Lothringen) France in 4 sheets, sheet 2 (Champagne, Lotharingia)
Frankreich in 4 Blättern, Blatt 3 (Aquitanien. Nebenkarte: Paris) France in 4 sheets, sheet 3 (Aquitaine, inset: Paris)
Frankreich in 4 Blättern, Blatt 4 (Lyon, Marseille, Provence. Nebenkarte: Korsika) France in 4 sheets, sheet 4 (Lyon, Marseille, Provence. Inset: Corsica)
The WIKIMEDIA COMMONS Atlas of the World is an organized and commented collection of geographical, political and historical maps available at Wikimedia Commons. The main page is therefore the portal to maps and cartography on Wikimedia. That page contains links to entries by country, continent and by topic as well as general notes and references.
Every entry has an introduction section in English. If other languages are native and/or official in an entity, introductions in other languages are added in separate sections. The text of the introduction(s) is based on the content of the Wikipedia encyclopedia. For sources of the introduction see therefore the Wikipedia entries linked to. The same goes for the texts in the history sections.
Historical maps are included in the continent, country and dependency entries.
The status of various entities is disputed. See the content for the entities concerned.
The maps of former countries that are more or less continued by a present-day country or had a territory included in only one or two countries are included in the atlas of the present-day country. For example the Ottoman Empire can be found in the Atlas of Turkey.
