市场社会主义

市场社会主义（英语：Market socialism）是一种经济体系，涉及市场经济框架下生产资料的公有制、合作社或社会所有制。市场社会主义与非市场社会主义的区别在于其市场机制被用于分配资本品的和生产资料。 ^[1]^[2]^[3] 根据市场社会主义的具体模式，社会所有的企业产生的利润（即没有重新投入到扩大公司净收入或由私人企业主用于个人消费）能够以各种方式直接报酬给雇员，作为公共财政来源或者以社会红利分配给人民。^[4]

市场社会主义与混合经济的概念不同，因为与混合经济不同，市场社会主义模式是一种完整并具有自我调节系统的模式。市场社会主义也与资本主义市场经济体内实施的社会民主政策不同：社会民主主义旨在通过税收、补贴和社会福利计划等政策措施实现更大的经济稳定和平等，而市场社会主义旨在通过改变企业所有权和管理模式实现类似目标。

理论历史

虽然自19世纪初以来一直存在涉及由社会所有要素市场的经济提议，但“市场社会主义”一词仅首次出现在20世纪20年代的社会主义计算争论中。^[5] 当代市场社会主义源于社会主义经济学家在20世纪早期到中期的社会主义计算辩论中，他们认为社会主义经济既不能在经济计算问题上发挥作用，也不能通过求解经济协调的联立方程组来实现，并且得出结论：在社会主义经济中需要资本市场。^[6]

早期的的市场社会主义模式可以追溯到亚当·斯密的古典经济学理论，其中包括建议合作社企业的工作在一个自由市场经济中建立合作企业。这些建议的目标是通过允许个人的按劳分配消除剥削，同时消除由少数个人大量所有社会财富造成的市场扭曲效应。^[7] 市场社会主义的在其提倡者是李嘉图社会主义经济学家和互惠（学派）哲学家。在20世纪早期，奥斯卡兰格和阿勒纳所概述了一种新古典主义模式的社会主义，其中包括由中央规划局(CPB)在定价时等于边际成本以实现帕累托效率。虽然这些早期的模式没有依靠真正的市场，但他们都被标记为"市场社会主义"，因为他们利用了财务价格和计算。在美国新古典经济学家提出的最新模型中，生产资料的公有制是通过股权的股东权益和投资的社会控制来实现的。^[8]

实例

白俄罗斯的经济体系被描述为市场社会主义^[9]。亦有学者如索尔·埃斯特林（Saul Estrin）以及米莉卡·乌瓦利克（Milica Uvalic）认为南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国曾实行市场社会主义经济^[10]^[11]。

经济学家杜巨澜（Du Julan）和许成钢通过对中国模式的分析发现，当代中国大陆经济体系代表的是国家资本主义体系，而不是社会主义市场体系。原因是中国大陆经济体系中存在金融市场，而在市场社会主义和经典社会主义市场模型中却没有金融市场；并且中国大陆的企业利润由国家保留，而不是以基本收入/社会红利或类似方式在人口中平均分配，后者是市场社会主义的主要特征。他们得出结论，中国大陆既不是市场社会主义的形式，也不是稳定的资本主义形式。^[12]

批评

拥护马克思主义的经济学家伯特尔·奥尔曼曾经撰文宣称市场社会主义无法消除对市场的神秘化这一现象，由于市场经济体制仍然存在，因此即使企业是由劳动者所管理的，这些劳动者仍然必须像资本家那样致力于增加利润，但由于在市场社会主义主导下，企业必须考虑到其他劳动者的利益，因此会使企业的经营变得更加困难，结果所产生的效果比资本主义所发挥的作用还要差劣很多，最后伯特尔总结道市场必须要被消除才能解决这些问题^[13]。

希腊共产党认为市场社会主义是一种资本主义而非社会主义。希腊共产党认为所谓的“市场社会主义”否定了生产资料社会化和中央调控，促进了资本主义企业的经济活动，以逐利为原则实现对工人阶级的合法剥削。希腊共产党迫切呼吁各共产党和工人党承担起责任，公开地讨论“市场社会主义”的问题。^[14]

参见

参考文献

^ O'Hara, Phillip. Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2. Routledge. September 2000: 71. ISBN 978-0415241878. Market socialism is the general designation for a number of models of economic systems. On the one hand, the market mechanism is utilized to distribute economic output, to organize production and to allocate factor inputs. On the other hand, the economic surplus accrues to society at large rather than to a class of private (capitalist) owners, through some form of collective, public or social ownership of capital.
^ Buchanan, Alan E. Ethics, Efficiency and the Market. Oxford University Press US. 1985. ISBN 978-0-8476-7396-4, pp. 104–05 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century, 2003, by Gregory and Stuart. ISBN 0-618-26181-8. (p. 142): "It is an economic system that combines social ownership of capital with market allocation of capital...The state owns the means of production, and returns accrue to society at large."
^ Social Dividend versus Basic Income Guarantee in Market Socialism, by Marangos, John. 2004. International Journal of Political Economy, vol. 34, no. 3, Fall 2004.
^ Steele, David Ramsay. From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. September 1999: 177. ISBN 978-0875484495. It was in the early 1920s that the expression ‘market socialism’ (marktsozialismus) became commonplace. A special term was considered necessary to distinguish those socialists prepared to accept some role for factor markets from the now mainstream socialists who were not.
^ Roemer, John. A Future for Socialism. Harvard University Press. January 1, 1994: 28. ISBN 978-0674339460. The first stage was marked by the realization by socialists that prices must be used for economic calculation under socialism; accounting in some kind of ‘natural unit,’ such as the amount of energy or labor commodities embodied, simply would not work. The second stage was characterized by the view that it would be possible to calculate the prices at which general equilibrium would be reached in a socialist economy by solving a complicated system of simultaneous equations… The third stage was marked by the realization, by Lange and others, that markets would indeed be required to find the socialist equilibrium…
^ McNally, David. Against the Market: Political economy, market socialism and the Marxist critique. Verso. 1993: 44. ISBN 978-0-86091-606-2. ...by the 1820s, 'Smithian' apologists for industrial capitalism confronted 'Smithian' socialists in a vigorous, and often venomous, debate over political economy.
^ Viktor O. Ledenyov; Dimitri O. Ledenyov. Business cycles in economics. Dusseldorf, Germany: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. 2018. ISBN 978-613-8-38864-7.
^ Li, Yan; Cheng, Enfu. Market Socialism in Belarus: An Alternative to China's Socialist Market Economy. World Review of Political Economy. 2020-12-01, 11: 428–454 [2023-07-30]. ISSN 2042-8928. S2CID 236786906. doi:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.11.4.0428. （原始内容存档于2023-06-04）.
^ The Yugoslav road towards market socialism. University of Cambridge.
^ Yugoslavia: The Case of Self-Managing Market Socialism. American Economic association.
^ Market Socialism or Capitalism? Evidence from Chinese Financial Market Development, by Julan Du and Chenggang Xu. 2005. IEA 2005 Round Table on Market and Socialism.
^ 伯特尔·奥尔曼. 资本主义社会和市场社会主义社会中的市场神秘化. 中文马克思主义文库. [2024-01-07]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-20） –通过马克思主义文库（中文）.
^ 22nd IMCWP, Contribution by Communist Party of Greece （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆），希腊共产党在二十二次共产党和工人党国际会议中的发言。

[1] O'Hara, Phillip. Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2. Routledge. September 2000: 71. ISBN 978-0415241878. Market socialism is the general designation for a number of models of economic systems. On the one hand, the market mechanism is utilized to distribute economic output, to organize production and to allocate factor inputs. On the other hand, the economic surplus accrues to society at large rather than to a class of private (capitalist) owners, through some form of collective, public or social ownership of capital.

[2] Buchanan, Alan E. Ethics, Efficiency and the Market. Oxford University Press US. 1985. ISBN 978-0-8476-7396-4, pp. 104–05 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[3] Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century, 2003, by Gregory and Stuart. ISBN 0-618-26181-8. (p. 142): "It is an economic system that combines social ownership of capital with market allocation of capital...The state owns the means of production, and returns accrue to society at large."

[Social_Dividend_versus_Basic_Income_Guarantee_in_Market_Socialism,_2004-4] Social Dividend versus Basic Income Guarantee in Market Socialism, by Marangos, John. 2004. International Journal of Political Economy, vol. 34, no. 3, Fall 2004.

[5] Steele, David Ramsay. From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. September 1999: 177. ISBN 978-0875484495. It was in the early 1920s that the expression ‘market socialism’ (marktsozialismus) became commonplace. A special term was considered necessary to distinguish those socialists prepared to accept some role for factor markets from the now mainstream socialists who were not.

[6] Roemer, John. A Future for Socialism. Harvard University Press. January 1, 1994: 28. ISBN 978-0674339460. The first stage was marked by the realization by socialists that prices must be used for economic calculation under socialism; accounting in some kind of ‘natural unit,’ such as the amount of energy or labor commodities embodied, simply would not work. The second stage was characterized by the view that it would be possible to calculate the prices at which general equilibrium would be reached in a socialist economy by solving a complicated system of simultaneous equations… The third stage was marked by the realization, by Lange and others, that markets would indeed be required to find the socialist equilibrium…

[7] McNally, David. Against the Market: Political economy, market socialism and the Marxist critique. Verso. 1993: 44. ISBN 978-0-86091-606-2. ...by the 1820s, 'Smithian' apologists for industrial capitalism confronted 'Smithian' socialists in a vigorous, and often venomous, debate over political economy.

[8] Viktor O. Ledenyov; Dimitri O. Ledenyov. Business cycles in economics. Dusseldorf, Germany: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. 2018. ISBN 978-613-8-38864-7.

[9] Li, Yan; Cheng, Enfu. Market Socialism in Belarus: An Alternative to China's Socialist Market Economy. World Review of Political Economy. 2020-12-01, 11: 428–454 [2023-07-30]. ISSN 2042-8928. S2CID 236786906. doi:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.11.4.0428. （原始内容存档于2023-06-04）.

[10] The Yugoslav road towards market socialism. University of Cambridge.

[11] Yugoslavia: The Case of Self-Managing Market Socialism. American Economic association.

[国家资本主义_Market_Socialism_or_Capitalism?_Evidence_from_Chinese_Financial_Market_Development_,_2005-12] Market Socialism or Capitalism? Evidence from Chinese Financial Market Development, by Julan Du and Chenggang Xu. 2005. IEA 2005 Round Table on Market and Socialism.

[13] 伯特尔·奥尔曼. 资本主义社会和市场社会主义社会中的市场神秘化. 中文马克思主义文库. [2024-01-07]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-20） –通过马克思主义文库（中文）.

[14] 22nd IMCWP, Contribution by Communist Party of Greece （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆），希腊共产党在二十二次共产党和工人党国际会议中的发言。

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