Usapho

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Usapho liqela labantu abaye bathi, kwiimeko ezininzi, bahlale kunye. Babelana ngemali nangokutya kwabo kwaye bamelwe kukukhathalelana. Amalungu alo asenokuzalana ngokwegazi (njengomntu nomnakwabo okanye nodade wabo) okanye ngokubotshelelwa kwabo ngokomthetho, umzekelo ngokwasemtshatweni. Kumasiko amaninzi, amalungu osapho anefani

Usapho lubizwa ngokuba sisiseko sentlalo. Ubomi bosapho bungeemfihlelo zosapho kwaye ukuzalana kwamalungu alo kusondelelene kakhulu kunobomi bukawonke wonke. Kodwa ke kumazwe amaninzi kukho imithetho yako. Umzekelo, kukho imiqathango yokutshata apha kusapho kwaye kuyatshatyalaliswa ukwabelana ngesondo kwamalungu azalanayo, eingakumbi ebantwaneni.

Iintlobo zosapho

Zintathu iintlobo zeentsapho, nazi, : usapho lwe-nuclear , usapho lwabazali abangenabalingani kunye nosapho ngokuzalana.

Usapho lwe-nuclear lunabazali kunye nabantwana usenokuba mnye nangaphezulu bonke behlala ndawonye.
Usapho olumzali mnye lolo athi emnye nje abe enomntwana omnye okanye abantwana ababini nangaphezulu.
Usapho ngokuphangaleleyo okanye iintsapho ngomnanyeneyo luthetha utata, umama, intombi, oonyana, umakhulu notat'omkhulu, umalume, u-anti, umzala, abatshana. Kumazwe amaninzi aquka iTshayina, iPakistan kunye ne-India, Lonke usapho ngokwanda kwalo luhlala ndawonye.

Zombini ezi ntsapho "olwabazali bobabini" nolo"lunomzali omnye" babizwa ngokuba ziintsapho "ezikufutshane".

Iintsapho zefoster ziintsapho apho umntwana akhuliswa khona ngabantu abangamzaliyo.

Ukusondelelana

Ezinye iintsapho zisondelelene ngokuzalana. Olu luhlu lulandelayo lunika imizekelo yokuzalana ngokwesiNgesi.

I-Kinship	Iqondo lokuzalana	Genetic overlap
izilwanyana zomnombo omnye ngokuzalana	Akukho qondo	99%
umceph'ucandiwe wamawele	Akukho qondo	100%^[1]
abazalwa kunye ngabazali abanye	Iqondo lokuqala	50% (2⁻²+2⁻²)
I-Parent-offspring^[2]	iqondo lokuqala	50% (2⁻¹)
I-Offspring/progeny	Iqondo lokuqalafirst-degree	50% (2⁻¹)
I-Half-sibling	Iqondo lesibini	25% (2⁻²)
I-3/4 siblings or sibling-cousin	iqondo lesibini	37.5% (2⁻²+2⋅2⁻⁴)
Umhakhulu/uta'omkhulu	iqondo lesibini	25% (2⁻²)
Abatshana	Iqondo lesithathu	25% (2⋅2⁻³)
U-Anti/umalume	iqondo lesithathu	25% (2⋅2⁻³)
i-Half-aunt, half-uncle	Iqondo lesithathu	12.5% (2⋅2⁻⁴)
I-Half-niece/half-nephew	Iqondo lesithathu	12.5% (2⋅2⁻⁴)
umama kamhakhulu	Iqondo lesithathu	12.5% (2⁻³)
umzala omkhulu	Iqondo lesine	12.5% (2⋅2⁻⁴)
i-Double first couisin	Iqondo lesine	25% (2⁻³+2⁻³)
I-Half-first cousin	Iqondo lesine	6.25% (2⁻⁴)
i-First cousin once removed	Iqondo lesihlanu	6.25% (2⋅2⁻⁵)
I-Second cousin	Iqondo lesithandathu	3.125% 3.13% (2⁻⁶+2⁻⁶)
I-Double second cousin	Iqondo lesithandathu	6.25% (4⋅2⁻⁶)
I-Triple second cousin	iqondo lesithandathu	12.5% (8⋅2⁻⁶)
i-Quadruple second cousin	Iqondo lesithandathu	9.38% (6⋅2⁻⁶)
Umzala wesithathu	Iqondo esixhenxe	0.781% (2⋅2⁻⁸)
umzala wesine	Iqondo leshumi	0.20% (2⋅2⁻¹⁰)^[3]

Amanye amaphepha anxulumene neli

I-Divorce uqhawulo mtshato
Inkedama

Notes

↑ By replacement in the definition of the notion of "generation" by meiosis".
↑ "Kin Selection".
↑ This degree of relationship is usually indistinguishable from the relationship to a random individual within the same population (tribe, country, ethnic group).

[1] By replacement in the definition of the notion of "generation" by meiosis".

[2] "Kin Selection".

[3] This degree of relationship is usually indistinguishable from the relationship to a random individual within the same population (tribe, country, ethnic group).

[1]