Riksha

Riksha dastlab odam tortadigan rikshani anglatgan. U ikki yoki uch g‘ildirakli aravacha bo‘lib, odatda bitta odam bitta yo‘lovchini tashish uchun mo'ljallangan transport vositasidir. Bu atama birinchi marta 1879 yilda ishlatilgani ma'lum^[1]. Vaqt o'tishi bilan veloriksha (shuningdek, pedal riksha yoki trisha deb ham ataladi), avtomatik riksha va elektr rikshalar ixtiro qilindi va asl odam tortadigan rikshalarning o‘rnini egalladi. Turizmdagi ba'zi istisnolar bundan mustasno.

Tortiladigan rikshalar XIX asrda Osiyo shaharlarida mashhur transport vositasi va erkak ishchilar uchun ish manbaiga aylandi. Ularning paydo bo‘lishi yangi olingan sharikli podshipniklarning Osiyo mamlakatlariga kirib kelishi bilan bog‘liq. Mashinalar, poezdlar va boshqa transport vositalari keng tarqalishi bilan ularning mashhurligi pasaydi.

Avtorikshalar XXI asrda ba'zi shaharlarda taksilarga arzon muqobil transport vositasi sifatida yanada ommalashmoqda. Bangladesh dunyodagi eng ko‘p rikshalarga ega bo‘lgan davlat bo‘lib, poytaxt Dakkada har kuni 40 000 riksha harakatlanadi^[2]. 2023-yilda YUNESKO riksha va riksha san'atini Bangladeshning "nomoddiy merosi" sifatida tan oldi^[3].

Riksha yapon tilidagi "jinriksha" (人力車, 人 jin = odam, 力 riki = kuch yoki kuchlanish, 車 sha = transport vositasi) so‘zidan kelib chiqqan. Bu so‘z so‘zma-so‘z "odam quvvatiga harakatlanuvchi transport vositasi" degan ma'noni anglatadi^[4].

Rikshalar ilk bor kabriol va fiakr kabi boshqa turdagi aravalar bilan bir qatorda XVII asr oxirida Fransiyada ixtiro qilingan. U 1679-yilda Parijda birinchi ommaviy transport xizmatining to‘xtatilishi natijasida yuzaga kelgan talabni qondirish maqsadida yaratilgan. Ushbu transport vositalari, o‘sha davrning sirka sotuvchilari ishlatgan aravalarga o‘xshashligi sababli "vinaigrettes" deb atalgan^[5]. Ular to‘liq yopiq ikki g‘ildirakli aravachalar bo‘lib, bitta odam uchun joy bo'lgan. Odatda, bu aravalar ikki kishi tomonidan harakatlantirilar edi. Ulardan biri oldidagi tutqichlarni ushlagan, ikkinchisi orqadan itarib borgan^[6].

Rikshalar Yaponiyada taxminan 1869-yilda mustaqil ravishda ixtiro qilingan^[7][8]. Tokugava davrida (1603–1868) g‘ildirakli transport vositalariga qo‘yilgan ta'qiq olib tashlangan. Riksha Yaponiyada texnik taraqqiyotning tez rivojlanish davrining boshida paydo bo‘lgan^[8][9].

Riksha ixtirochisi haqida ko‘plab nazariyalar mavjud. Eng ommalashgan va ishonchli nazariyaga ko'ra riksha 1869-yilda^[8] Yaponiyada Izumi Yosuke tomonidan ixtiro qilingan^[10][11]. U Suzuki Tokujiro va Takayama Kosuke bilan hamkorlikda ushbu transport vositalarini yaratgan^[12] va bu g‘oya bir necha yil avval Tokioning ko‘chalarida paydo bo‘lgan otli aravalardan ilhomlangan^[13].

Riksha ixtirochisi haqida boshqa nazariyalar:

• Jonathan Goble (ba'zan Jonathan Scobie deb ham ataladi), amerikalik Free Baptist minister va Yaponiyaga missiyachi sifatida, 1869-yilda rikshani nogiron xotinini Yokohama ko‘chalari bo‘ylab tashish uchun ixtiro qilgan deyishadi^[9][14][15]
• Amerikalik temirchi Albert Tolman 1846-yilda Massachusets shtatining Worcester shahrida janubiy Amerikaga yo‘l olgan missiyachi uchun riksha yoki "odam tortadigan yuk mashinasi" ixtiro qilgan deb taxmin qilinadi^[16].
• New Jersey shtatida Burlington County tarixiy jamiyati 1867-yilda arava yasovchi James Birch tomonidan riksha ixtiro qilinganini da'vo qilmoqda va o‘z muzeyida Birch rikshasini namoyish qilmoqda^[17].

Yaponiya tarixchisi Seydenstiker ushbu nazariyalar haqida shunday yozgan:

Rikshaning kelib chiqishi to‘liq aniq emas. Ammo ular yaponcha va aniqroq aytganda Tokyodan kelib chiqqan ko‘rinadi. Eng keng tarqalgan nazariya uchta ixtirochini ko'rsatadi va ixtiro sanasi sifatida 1869-yilni keltiradi^[7].

1. ↑ „Rickshaw“. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 10-aprel.
2. ↑ Molla, Mohammad Al-Masum „Ban on rickshaw: How logical is it?“ (en). The Daily Star (2019-yil 7-iyul). Qaraldi: 2023-yil 15-dekabr.
3. ↑ Report, Star Digital „Unesco lists rickshaws and rickshaw art as 'intangible heritage'“ (en). The Daily Star (2023-yil 6-dekabr). Qaraldi: 2023-yil 15-dekabr.
4. ↑ Chamberlain, Basil Hall. Things Japanese: being notes on various subjects connected with Japan for the use of travellers and others. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd., 1891 — 241–242-bet. 
5. ↑ „Oxford Reference“. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 23-may.
6. ↑ Mellot and Blancart (2006), p. 7.
7. ↑ ^{7,0 7,1} Hanchao Lu. Beyond the Neon Lights: Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century. University of California Press, 1999 — 348-bet. ISBN 978-0520215641. 
8. ↑ ^{8,0 8,1 8,2} James Francis Warren. Rickshaw Coolie: A People's History of Singapore, 1880-1940. NUS Press, 2003 — 14-bet. ISBN 978-9971692667. 
9. ↑ ^{9,0 9,1} David Diefendorf. Amazing . . . But False!: Hundreds of "Facts" You Thought Were True, But Aren't. Sterling Publishing Company, 2007 — 223-bet. ISBN 978-1402737916. 
10. ↑ Chris Carlsson. Critical Mass: bicycling's defiant celebration. AK Press, 2002 — 170-bet. ISBN 978-1902593593. 
11. ↑ ; Stephen MansfieldEyewitness Top 10 Travel Guide Series: Tokyo. Penguin, 2009 — 84-bet. ISBN 978-0756653675. 
12. ↑ Louis Frédéric. Japan enciklopedia, Käthe Roth (translator), Harvard University Press, 2002 — 424-bet. ISBN 978-0674017535. 
13. ↑ Boye De Mente. The Bizarre and the Wondrous from the Land of the Rising Sun! Demetra De Ment: . Cultural-Insight Books, 2010 — 94-bet. ISBN 978-1456424756. 
14. ↑ Parker, F. Calvin. Jonathan Goble of Japan. New York: University Press of America, 1990. ISBN 978-0-8191-7639-4. 
15. ↑ Ed Sobey. A Field Guide to Automotive Technology. Chicago Review Press, 2009 — 172-bet. ISBN 978-1556528125. 
16. ↑ William E. Lewis. Through the Heartland on U.S. 20: Massachusetts: Volume I: A Historical Travel Guide. PublishAmerica, 26 March 2007. ISBN 978-1462624591. 
17. ↑ „Corson Poley Center“. Burlington County Historical Society. 2011-yil 7-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 28-sentyabr.