Perang Bosniak-Croat
| Perang Bosniak–Croat | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sebahagian daripada Perang Bosnia dan Perang Yugoslavia | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Pihak yang terlibat | |||||||||
 Republik Herzeg-Bosnia Croatia Croatia |
 Republik Bosnia dan Herzegovina | ||||||||
| Komandan dan pemimpin | |||||||||
|
Franjo Tuđman Gojko Šušak Janko Bobetko Mate Boban Milivoj Petković Slobodan Praljak Ante Roso Valentin Ćorić |
Alija Izetbegović Sefer Halilović Rasim Delić Enver Hadžihasanović Arif Pašalić Mehmed Alagić | ||||||||
| Kekuatan | |||||||||
| 40,000–50,000 (1993)[1] | 100,000–120,000 (1993)[2] | ||||||||
Perang Bosniak-Croat adalah sebuah konflik bersenjata antara Republik Bosnia dan Herzegovina dengan Republik Herzeg-Bosnia Croatia yang diistiharkan sendiri oleh etnik Croat Bosnia serta disokong oleh Croatia, yang berlangsung pada 18 Oktober 1992 sehingga 23 Februari 1994. Ia sering kali dirujuk sebagai "perang dalam perang" kerana ia merupakan sebahagian daripada Perang Bosnia yang lebih besar. Pada awalnya, Bosniak (Muslim Bosnia) dan Croat merupakan sekutu dalam melawan Tentera Darat Rakyat Yugoslavia (JNA) dan Tentera Darat Republika Srpska (VRS), tetapi pada akhir tahun 1992 ketegangan antara mereka mula meningkat. Kejadian bersenjata pertama berlaku pada Oktober 1992 di tengah Bosnia antara etnik Croat tempatan dengan tentera Bosniak. Perikatan ketenteraan mereka bertahan sehingga awal tahun 1993 apabila kerjasama mereka mula berakhir dan dua etnik ini mula terlibat dalam konflik terbuka.
Perang Bosniak-Croat merebak ke tengah Bosnia dan kemudian ke Herzegovina, dengan kebanyakan pertempuran berlaku di dua buaha wilayah ini. Etnik Bosniak menyertai Tentera Darat Republik Bosnia dan Herzegovina (ARBiH), manakala etnik Croat pula dalam Majlis Pertahanan Croatia (HVO). Umumnya, perang berlaku dalam pola konflik bertompok-tompok dan kemudian diikuti oleh beberapa perjanjian gencatan senjata. Bagaimanapun, ia bukan merupakan sebuah perang yang menyeluruh antara etnik Bosniak dan Croat dan mereka kekal menjadi sebuah sekutu di wilayah-wilayah lain. Beberapa rancangan damai telah dicadangkan oleh komuniti antarabangsa semasa perang, tetapi semuanya gagal. Pada 23 Februari 1994, satu gencatan senjata telah dicapai dan sebuah persetujuan untuk menamatkan keganasan ini telah ditandatangani di Washington pada 18 Mac 1994. Pada masa ini, HVO telah kehilangan separuh daripada wilayah yang dikuasai oleh mereka. Persetujuan ini telah membawa pada penubuhan Persekutuan Bosnia dan Herzegovina dan sebuah operasi bersama untuk menentang tentera Serb yang mana telah membantu untuk mengubah keseimbangan ketenteraan dan membawa penamatan pada Perang Bosnia.
Tribunal Jenayah Antarabangsa untuk bekas Yugoslavia (ICTY) memberi sejumlah nombor para pegawai tertinggi etnik Croat dan Bosniak di bawah tuduhan jenayah perang. Dalam kes menentang para pemimpin politik dan tentera Herzeg-Bosnia, ICTY memutuskan bahawa Croatia berkuasa penuh ke atas HVO. Dalam satu keputusan serta merta untuk pertama kali bagi kes Prlić et al. mendapati sebuah kelakuan jenayah bersama wujud bagi menduduki atau menguasai wilayah Bosnia dan Herzegovina berdasarkan sempadan pada tahun 1939 Banovina dari Croatia.
Nota
[sunting | sunting sumber]Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Buku dan jurnal
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- Gosztonyi, Kristóf (2003). "Non-Existent States with Strange Institutions". Dalam Koehler, Jan; Zürcher, Christoph (penyunting). Potentials of Disorder: Explaining Conflict and Stability in the Caucasus and in the Former Yugoslavia. Manchester: Manchester University Press. m/s. 46–61. ISBN 9780719062414.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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|trans_title=ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) - Marijan, Davor (December 2006). "Sukob HVO-a i ABIH u Prozoru, u listopadu 1992". Journal of Contemporary History (dalam bahasa Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Institute of History. 38 (2): 379–402. ISSN 0590-9597. Unknown parameter
|trans_title=ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) - Marijan, Davor (2004). "Expert Opinion: On the War Connections of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (1991 – 1995)". Journal of Contemporary History. Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Institute of History. 36: 249–289.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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|trans_title=ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) - Mulaj, Kledja (2008). Politics of Ethnic Cleansing: Nation-State Building and Provision of Insecurity in Twentieth-Century Balkans. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780739146675.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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News articles
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- Burns, John F. (21 July 1992). "U.N. Resumes Relief Flights to Sarajevo". New York Times.
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- Burns, John F. (11 October 1992). "Bosnia Loss Hints at Croat-Serb Deal". New York Times.
- "West Rejects Revision Of Dayton Accords". Chicago Tribune. 2 June 1999.
- Hedges, Chris (16 November 1997). "At Home and Under Duress With Bosnian Croats". New York Times.
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- Lušić, Bisera (3 November 2000). "Britanci su od Mesića dobili samo intervju, ne i transkripte". Slobodna Dalmacija. Unknown parameter
|trans_title=ignored (bantuan) - Myers, Linnet (6 May 1993). "Bosnian Serbs Spurn Un Pact, Set Referendum". Chicago Tribune.
- O'Connor, Mike (16 December 1995). "5 Islamic Soldiers Die in Shootout With Croats". New York Times.
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|deadurl=ignored (bantuan) - Tanner, Marcus (27 July 1993). "Bosnia: New commander vows to return fire". The Independent.
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International, governmental, and NGO sources
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- "Prosecutor v. Hadžihasanović & Kubura Judgement" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 15 March 2006.
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Pautan luar
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