Perang Kemerdekaan Croatia

Perang Kemerdekaan Croatia berlangsung pada tahun 1991 hingga 1995, antara angkatan Croat yang setia pada kerajaan Croatia—yang telah mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan daripada Yugoslavia (SFRY)—dan Tentera Rakyat Yugoslav (JNA) yang dikuasai orang Serb, dan orang Serb tempatan; JNA mengakhiri operasi ketenteraan di Croatia pada tahun 1992. Di Croatia, perang ini biasanya digelar "Perang Tanah Air" (Domovinski rat) dan juga sebagai "kekerasan Serbia Raya" (Velikosrpska agresija).^[1]^[2] Dalam sumber-sumber Serb pula, istilah yang paling kerap digunakan ialah "Peperangan di Croatia" (Rat u Hrvatskoj).^[3]

Croatia merancang untuk keluar daripada Yugoslavia sebagai sebuah negara merdeka, sementara pihak Serb, dengan bantuan Serbia,^[4]^[5] menentang pemisahan dan mahukan Croatia kekal sebagai sebahagian Yugoslavia. Pihak Serbs bercadang untuk membentuk sebuah negara Serb dengan sempadan yang baharu, di dalam kawasan-kawasan Croatia yang penduduknya majoriti Serb ataupun minoriti signifikan orang Serb,^[6]^[7] dan mencuba untuk menawan sebanyak wilayah Croatia yang mungkin.^[8] Matlamat utamanya ialah untuk kekal dalam negara yang sama dengan baki negara Serbia, yang dilihat sebagai percubaan untuk membentuk "Serbia Raya".^[9]^[10]

Rujukan

^ Darko Zubrinic. "Croatia within ex-Yugoslavia". Croatianhistory.net. Dicapai pada 17 November 2013.
^ Mirko Bilandžić (2008). "Hrvatska vojska u međunarodnim odnosima". Polemos: časopis za interdisciplinarna istraživanja rata i mira (dalam bahasa bahasa Croatia). Croatian Sociological Association and Jesenski & Turk Publishing House. 11 (22). ISSN 1331–5595 Check |issn= value (bantuan). Dicapai pada 17 November 2013. Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (bantuan); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ "Srbija-Hrvatska, temelj stabilnosti" (dalam bahasa bahasa Serbia). B92. 4 November 2010. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2010-11-08. Dicapai pada 17 November 2013. Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ Martić verdict, pp. 122–123
"The Trial Chamber found that the evidence showed that the President of Serbia, Slobodan Milošević, openly supported the preservation of Yugoslavia as a federation of which the SAO Krajina would form a part. However, the evidence established that Milošević covertly intended to create a Serb state. This state was to be created through the establishment of paramilitary forces and the provocation of incidents in order to create a situation where the JNA could intervene. Initially, the JNA would intervene to separate the parties but subsequently the JNA would intervene to secure the territories envisaged to be part of a future Serb state."
^ "Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts established pursuant to security council resolution 780 (1992), Annex IV – The policy of ethnic cleansing; Prepared by: M. Cherif Bassiouni". United Nations. December 28, 1994. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2012-05-04. Dicapai pada March 19, 2011.
^ Babić verdict, p. 6
"In the period of the Indictment, from about 1 August 1991 to 15 February 1992, Serb forces consisting of JNA units, local Serb TO units, TO units from Serbia and Montenegro, local MUP police units, MUP police units from Serbia, and paramilitary units attacked and took control of towns, villages, and settlements ... These acts were intended to permanently and forcibly remove the majority of the Croat and other non-Serb populations from approximately one-third of Croatia in order to transform that territory into a Serb-dominated state."
^ Chuck Sudetic (August 5, 1991). "Serbs Refuse to Negotiate in Croatia". The New York Times. Dicapai pada January 24, 2011.
^ "Croatia Clashes Rise; Mediators Pessimistic". The New York Times. 19 December 1991. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2012-07-29. Dicapai pada 29 July 2012. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (bantuan)
^ "Serb-Led Presidency Drafts Plan For New and Smaller Yugoslavia". The New York Times. December 27, 1991. Dicapai pada December 16, 2010.
^ Brown & Karim (1995), p. 120

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[Darko_Zubrinic-1] Darko Zubrinic. "Croatia within ex-Yugoslavia". Croatianhistory.net. Dicapai pada 17 November 2013.

[HRV-name-VSA-Bilandžija-2] Mirko Bilandžić (2008). "Hrvatska vojska u međunarodnim odnosima". Polemos: časopis za interdisciplinarna istraživanja rata i mira (dalam bahasa bahasa Croatia). Croatian Sociological Association and Jesenski & Turk Publishing House. 11 (22). ISSN 1331–5595 Check |issn= value (bantuan). Dicapai pada 17 November 2013. Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (bantuan); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[B92-RUH-3] "Srbija-Hrvatska, temelj stabilnosti" (dalam bahasa bahasa Serbia). B92. 4 November 2010. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2010-11-08. Dicapai pada 17 November 2013. Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[4] Martić verdict, pp. 122–123
"The Trial Chamber found that the evidence showed that the President of Serbia, Slobodan Milošević, openly supported the preservation of Yugoslavia as a federation of which the SAO Krajina would form a part. However, the evidence established that Milošević covertly intended to create a Serb state. This state was to be created through the establishment of paramilitary forces and the provocation of incidents in order to create a situation where the JNA could intervene. Initially, the JNA would intervene to separate the parties but subsequently the JNA would intervene to secure the territories envisaged to be part of a future Serb state."

[Annex_IV-5] "Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts established pursuant to security council resolution 780 (1992), Annex IV – The policy of ethnic cleansing; Prepared by: M. Cherif Bassiouni". United Nations. December 28, 1994. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2012-05-04. Dicapai pada March 19, 2011.

[6] Babić verdict, p. 6
"In the period of the Indictment, from about 1 August 1991 to 15 February 1992, Serb forces consisting of JNA units, local Serb TO units, TO units from Serbia and Montenegro, local MUP police units, MUP police units from Serbia, and paramilitary units attacked and took control of towns, villages, and settlements ... These acts were intended to permanently and forcibly remove the majority of the Croat and other non-Serb populations from approximately one-third of Croatia in order to transform that territory into a Serb-dominated state."

[NYTimes-Borders-Redraw-7] Chuck Sudetic (August 5, 1991). "Serbs Refuse to Negotiate in Croatia". The New York Times. Dicapai pada January 24, 2011.

[NYTimes-Iceland-8] "Croatia Clashes Rise; Mediators Pessimistic". The New York Times. 19 December 1991. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2012-07-29. Dicapai pada 29 July 2012. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (bantuan)

[NYTimes-Presidency-RumpYugPlan-9] "Serb-Led Presidency Drafts Plan For New and Smaller Yugoslavia". The New York Times. December 27, 1991. Dicapai pada December 16, 2010.

[10] Brown & Karim (1995), p. 120

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