Hukuman mati
Hukuman mati adolah pambunuahan surang manusia nan dilakukan oleh nagara sabagai hukuman dari sabuah kajahatan.
Kajahatan hukuman mati
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Kajahatan nan biasonyo dihukum mati adolah kajahatan taadok manusia lain, cando mambunuah, mambunuah massal, mamperkosa, mamperkosa anak, malecehkan anak sacaro seksual, terorisme, kajahatan parang, kajahatan taadok kamanusiaan, sarato genosida.[1][2]
Hukuman mati dijatuahan pulo untuak kajahatan taadok nagara jo pamarintah, saroman bakianaik, mamato-matoi, mangasuik, marompak kapa, jo marompak kapatabang. Di babarapo nagara, hukuman ko dijatuahan pulo untuak urang-urang nan malakuan kajahatan samo baulang kali (residivisme), marompak sampai mati, manculik, atau kajahatan nan takaik jo narkotika.[1][3]
Pamakaian kini
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]48 nagara di dunia kini masih mamakai hukuman mati, 108 nagara alah maapuihnyo sacaro de jure untuak sadoalah macam kajahatan, 7 nagara maapuihnyo untuak kajahatan biaso tapi mampatahankannyo untuak kajahatan luar biaso, dan 28 nagara maapuihannyo sacaro total.[4] Sakitar 60% dari panduduak di dunia tinggi di nagara nan masih mamakai hukuman mati, cando Cino, India,[5] Amerika Sarikat,[6] Indonesia,[7] Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Mesir, Arab Saudi, Iran, Japang,[8] jo Taiwan.[9] Kabanyakan nagara di Dunia Partamo alah maapuihan hukuman mati.[10]
Manuurik Amnesty International, 20 nagara dikataui mangadoan eksekusi hukuman mati di tahun 2019.[11] Babarapo nagara indak marilis informasi tantang eksekusinyo, cando Cino jo Korea Utara. Sakitar 1,000 tahanan dieksekusi pado tahun 2017.[12]
Kontroversi
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Hukuman mati dianggap kontroversial di babarapo nagara, dan posisi tantang pamakaiannyo dalam satu ideologi politik atau konteks budaya amat baragam. Sajak baakhianyo Parang Dunia Kaduo, tadapek garakan untuak maapuihan hukuman mati.[13]
Di Uni Eropa, Pasal 2 Piagam Hak Dasar Uni Eropa malarang pamakaian hukuman mati untuak nagara-nagara anggota UE.[14] Dewan Eropa juo alah bausao untuak malarang pamakaian hukuman mati bagi nagara-nagara anggotanyo malalui Protokol 13 Konvensi Hak Asasi Manusia Eropa (ECHR). Namun, larangan ko anyo balaku pado nagara nan alah manandotangani dan maratifikasinyo, sainggo indak balaku pado nagara-nagara cando Armenia, Rusia, jo Azerbaijan.[15][16]
Dari tahun 2007 inggo 2018, Majelis Umum Pasarikatan Banso-Banso alah mangaluakan babarapo resolusi nan indak maikaik sacaro hukum (non-binding resolution) untuak manangguahkan pamakaian hukuman mati di saluruah dunia, dan batujuan untuak maapuihnyo di saluruah dunia.[17][18][19]
Rujuakan
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- ↑ a b Hood, Roger, and Carolyn Hoyle. The death penalty: A worldwide perspective. OUP Oxford, 2015.
- ↑ Schabas, W. A. (1996). War Crimes, Crimes Against Humanity and the Death Penalty. Alb. L. Rev., 60, 733.
- ↑ Dubber, M. D. (1995). Recidivist Statutes as Arational Punishment. Buff. L. Rev., 43, 689.
- ↑ "Abolitionist and Retentionist Countries as of July 2018" (PDF). Amnesty International. Diakses tanggal 20 April 2021.
- ↑ "India: Death penalty debate won't die out soon". Asia Times. 13 August 2004. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 20 August 2004. Diakses tanggal 20 April 2021.
- ↑ Leigh B. Bienen (201). Murder and Its Consequences: Essays on Capital Punishment in America (edisi ke-2). Northwestern University Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-8101-2697-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=vmpEQUhpNXUC&pg=PA143.
- ↑ "Indonesian activists face upward death penalty trend". World Coalition against the Death Penalty. Diakses tanggal 20 April 2021.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- ↑ "The Death Penality in Japan". International Federation for Human Rights. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 28 August 2010. Diakses tanggal 20 April 2021.
- ↑ "Death Penalty". Amnesty International. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 22 August 2016. Diakses tanggal 20 April 2021.
- ↑ Hood, R. (2001). Capital punishment: A global perspective. Punishment & Society, 3(3), 331-354.
- ↑ 21 April 2020, Index number: ACT 50/1847/2020. Death sentences and executions 2019. Amnesty International.
- ↑ "Amnesty: Almost 1,000 prisoners executed worldwide in 2017". aljazeera.com. Diakses tanggal 20 April 2021.
- ↑ Neumayer, E. (2008). Death penalty abolition and the ratification of the Second Optional Protocol. International Journal of Human Rights, 12(1), 3-21.
- ↑ "Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union" (PDF). European Union. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 29 May 2010. Diakses tanggal 20 April 2021.
- ↑ Fijalkowski, A. (2001). The Abolition of the Death Penalty in Central and Eastern Europe. Tilburg Law Review, 9(1), 62-83.
- ↑ Bae, S. (2008). Friends do not let friends execute: the Council of Europe and the international campaign to abolish the death penalty. International Politics, 45(2), 129-145.
- ↑ "moratorium on the death penalty". United Nations. 15 November 2007. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 January 2011. Diakses tanggal 20 April 2021.
- ↑ Kissack, R. (2012). The EU in the Negotiations of a UN General Assembly Resolution on a Moratorium on the Use of the Death Penalty. In The European Union and Multilateral Governance (pp. 103-121). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
- ↑ Marchetti, R. (2016). Advocacy strategies for human rights: the campaign for the moratorium on the death penalty[pranala nonaktif permanen]. Rivista Italania di Scienza Politica, 46(3), 355.
Bibliografi
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- Michael H. Tonry (2000). The Handbook of Crime & Punishment. Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-514060-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=7MePbzYyZ2YC&pg=PA3.
- Elisabeth Reichert (2011). Social Work and Human Rights: A Foundation for Policy and Practice. Columbia University Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-231-52070-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=2LylU2Yp6NYC&pg=PA89.
- Clifton D. Bryant; Dennis L. Peck (2009). Encyclopedia of Death & Human Experience. Sage Publications. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-4129-5178-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=LFOn7rpkVdQC&pg=PA144.
- Cliff Roberson (2015). Constitutional Law and Criminal Justice, Second Edition. CRC Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-4987-2120-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=oHu9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188.