Tionghoa-Panama

Etnis Tionghoa di Panama
Jumlah populasi
	135,000 (2003); 4% populasi Panama
Bahasa
	Bahasa Kanton, Bahasa Hakka, Bahasa Mandarin, Bahasa Spanyol, Bahasa Inggris
Agama
	Buddha
Kelompok etnik terkait
	Tionghoa perantauan

Etnis Tionghoa di Panama, juga disebut sebagai Tionghoa Panama atau dalam bahasa Spanyol sebagai bahasa Spanyol: sino-panameños, adalah warga dan pemukim Panama yang berdarah Tionghoa.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Sejarah

Komunitas etnis Tionghoa di Panama mulai terbentuk pada paruh akhir abad ke-19. Kelompok tenaga kerja Tionghoa pertama datang ke negara tersebut pada 30 Maret 1854 memakai kapal Sea Witch ^[5] untuk bekerja di Jalur Kereta Api Panama dan kemudian terhimpun di Jamaika.^[6]

Referensi

^ "Panama", International Religious Freedom Report, U.S. Department of State, 2004 . "5 percent of the population includes the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), with an estimated 15,000 members, Seventh-day Adventists, members of Jehovah's Witnesses, Episcopalians with between 5,000 and 9,000 members, and other Christians. It also includes small but influential Jewish and Muslim communities, each with about 10,000 members; Baha'is, who maintain one of the world's seven Baha'i Houses of Worship; and recent Chinese immigrants practicing Buddhism" (emphasis added).
^ Siu, Lok (Summer 2005), "Queen of the Chinese Colony: Gender, Nation, and Belonging in Diaspora", Anthropological Quarterly, 78 (3): 511–42, doi:10.1353/anq.2005.0041, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-06-08, diakses tanggal 2007-11-07
^ Vega Abad, Lina (2003-07-20), "De Salsipuedes al 'barrio chino'", La Prensa, Panamá (dalam bahasa Spanish), diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-07-16, diakses tanggal 2007-11-07
^ "May Expel Panama Chinese; Those Who Refuse to Pay a Head Tax to be Deported To-morrow" (PDF), The New York Times, 1913-11-12, diakses tanggal 2007-11-07
^ Mon, Ramon (Spring 2013), "The Chinese of Panama also have a story to tell...", ReVista Harvard Review of Latin America, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-04-15, diakses tanggal 2019-03-23
^ Jackson, Eric (May 2004), "Panama's Chinese community celebrates a birthday, meets new challenges", The Panama News, 10 (9), diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-09-16, diakses tanggal 2007-11-07

Bacaan tambahan

Siu, Lok (2005), Memories of a Future Home: Diasporic Citizenship of Chinese in Panama, Stanford University Press, ISBN 0-8047-5302-4
Tam, Juan (2006), Huellas China en Panama: 150 años de presencia, Panama: Unico Impresores, ISBN 9962-02-444-7
Tam, Juan (2004), 《巴拿馬華僑150年移民史》 [Banama huaqiao: 150 nian yimin shi], 台北市: 秀威資訊科技股份有限公司, ISBN 986-7614-45-3
Tam, Juan (2003), Wah On: La Necropolis Oriental, Panama: Unico Impresores, ISBN 9962-02-435-8

[1] "Panama", International Religious Freedom Report, U.S. Department of State, 2004 . "5 percent of the population includes the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), with an estimated 15,000 members, Seventh-day Adventists, members of Jehovah's Witnesses, Episcopalians with between 5,000 and 9,000 members, and other Christians. It also includes small but influential Jewish and Muslim communities, each with about 10,000 members; Baha'is, who maintain one of the world's seven Baha'i Houses of Worship; and recent Chinese immigrants practicing Buddhism" (emphasis added).

[2] Siu, Lok (Summer 2005), "Queen of the Chinese Colony: Gender, Nation, and Belonging in Diaspora", Anthropological Quarterly, 78 (3): 511–42, doi:10.1353/anq.2005.0041, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-06-08, diakses tanggal 2007-11-07

[Prensa-3] Vega Abad, Lina (2003-07-20), "De Salsipuedes al 'barrio chino'", La Prensa, Panamá (dalam bahasa Spanish), diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-07-16, diakses tanggal 2007-11-07

[NYT-4] "May Expel Panama Chinese; Those Who Refuse to Pay a Head Tax to be Deported To-morrow" (PDF), The New York Times, 1913-11-12, diakses tanggal 2007-11-07

[Mon-5] Mon, Ramon (Spring 2013), "The Chinese of Panama also have a story to tell...", ReVista Harvard Review of Latin America, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-04-15, diakses tanggal 2019-03-23

[Jackson-6] Jackson, Eric (May 2004), "Panama's Chinese community celebrates a birthday, meets new challenges", The Panama News, 10 (9), diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-09-16, diakses tanggal 2007-11-07

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