Usuaria:Rosymonterrey/List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire
Los sultanes del Imperio otomano (en turco: Osmanlı padişahları) fueron en su totalidad miembros de la dinastía osmanlí (también llamada Casa de Osman) y gobernaron el imperio transcontinental desde sus inicios en 1299, hasta su disolución en 1922. En su apogeo, el Imperio otomano abarcó desde Hungría en el norte hasta Somalia en el sur y desde Argelia en el oeste hasta Irán en el este. Administrado al principio desde la ciudad de Bursa, la capital del imperio fue movida a Edirne en 1366 y luego a Constantinopla (actualmente conocida como Estambul) en 1453, después de que Mehmed II conquistó el Imperio bizantino.[1]
Los primeros años del Imperio otomano han sido objeto de diversas descripciones debido a la dificultad para distinguir los hechos de la leyenda; sin embargo, los académicos modernos coinciden en que su origen data de alrededor de 1299 y que su primer gobernante (y de quien deriva el nombre del imperio) fue Osman I, líder de la tribu Kayı de los turcos Oghuz.[2] Fundó la dinastía epónima que sobrevivió durante seis siglos a través de los reinados de 36 sultanes. El imperio desapareció como consecuencia de la derrota de las Potencias Centrales con quienes se alió durante la Primera Guerra Mundial. La partición del imperio por los aliados victoriosos y la subsecuente Guerra de Independencia turca llevó a la abolición del sultanato en 1922 y al nacimiento de la moderna República de Turquía en 1923.[3]
# | Sultan | Portrait | Reigned from | Reigned until | Tughra | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
— | Emir Gazi Ertuğrul Bey ارطغرل غازی Amîr Ghazi - The Esquire (b. 1191 – d. 1281) |
1230 | 1281 | — [4] |
| |
— | Emir Gazi Osman Bey عثمان بن ارطغرل Amîr Fakhr ud-din Othman-Al Ghazi - The Esquire (b. 1258 – d. 1324) |
1281 | 1299 | — [6] |
| |
Rise of Ottoman Empire (27 July 1299 – 20 July 1402) | ||||||
1 | Osman I GHAZI (The Warrior) BEY (The Esquire) KARA (lit. The Land or The Black for his bravery) |
1299 | 1326 | — [7] |
| |
2 | Orhan GHAZI (The Warrior) BEY (The Esquire) |
1326 | 1362 |
| ||
3 | Murad I HÜDAVENDİGÂR - Khodāvandgār (The God-like One) ŞEHÎD (Shāhīd) (Sultan, since 1383) |
1362 | 15 June 1389 |
| ||
4 | Bayezid I YILDIRIM (The Thunderbolt) |
15 June 1389 | 20 July 1402 |
| ||
Ottoman Interregnum (20 July 1402 – 5 July 1413) | ||||||
5 | Mehmed I ÇELEBİ (The Affable) KİRİŞÇİ (lit. The Bowstring Maker for his support) |
5 July 1413 | 26 May 1421 |
| ||
6 | Murad II KOCA (The Great) |
25 June 1421 | 1444 |
| ||
7 | Mehmed II FATİH (The Conqueror) |
1444 | 1446 |
| ||
— | Murad II KOCA (The Great) |
1446 | 3 February 1451 | |||
Growth of the Ottoman Empire (29 May 1453 – 11 November 1606) | ||||||
— | Mehmed II FATİH (The Conqueror) |
3 February 1451 | 3 May 1481 |
| ||
8 | Bayezid II VELÎ (The Saint) |
19 May 1481 | 25 April 1512 |
| ||
9 | Selim I YAVUZ (The Strong) Hadim'ul Haramain'ish-Sharifain (Servant of Mecca and Medina) HALİFE (Caliph of Islam) |
25 April 1512 | 21 September 1520 |
| ||
10 | Suleiman I MUHTEŞEM (The Magnificent) or
KANÛNÎ (The Lawgiver) |
30 September 1520 | 6 or 7 September 1566 |
| ||
11 | Selim II SARI (The Blond) HALİFE (Caliph of Islam)' |
29 September 1566 | 21 December 1574 |
| ||
12 | Murad III HALİFE (Caliph of Islam) |
22 December 1574 | 16 January 1595 |
| ||
13 | Mehmed III ADLÎ (The Just) HALİFE (Caliph of Islam) |
27 January 1595 | 20 or 21 December 1603 |
| ||
Stagnation of the Ottoman Empire (11 November 1606 – 26 January 1699) | ||||||
14 | Ahmed I BAKHTÎ (The Fortunate) HALİFE (Caliph of Islam)' |
21 December 1603 | 22 November 1617 |
| ||
15 | Mustafa I DELİ (The Deranged) 'HALİFE (Caliph of Islam) |
22 November 1617 | 26 February 1618 |
| ||
16 | Osman II GENÇ (The Young) ŞEHÎD (Shāhīd) HALİFE (Caliph of Islam) |
26 February 1618 | 19 May 1622 |
| ||
— | Mustafa I DELİ (The Deranged) HALİFE (Caliph of Islam) |
20 May 1622 | 10 September 1623 |
| ||
17 | Murad IV SAHİB-Î KIRAN The Conqueror of Baghdad GHAZI (The Warrior) HALİFE (Caliph of Islam)' |
10 September 1623 | 8 or 9 February 1640 |
| ||
18 | Ibrahim DELİ (The Deranged) The Conqueror of Crete ŞEHÎD (Shāhīd) HALİFE (Caliph of Islam) |
9 February 1640 | 8 August 1648 |
| ||
19 | Mehmed IV AVCI (The Hunter) HALİFE (Caliph of Islam) |
8 August 1648 | 8 November 1687 |
| ||
20 | Suleiman II GHAZI (The Warrior) HALİFE (Caliph of Islam) |
8 November 1687 | 22 June 1691 |
| ||
21 | Ahmed II KHAN GHAZI (The Warrior Prince) HALİFE (Caliph of Islam) |
22 June 1691 | 6 February 1695 |
| ||
22 | Mustafa II GHAZI (The Warrior) HALİFE (Caliph of Islam) |
6 February 1695 | 22 August 1703 |
| ||
Decline of the Ottoman Empire (26 January 1699 – 9 January 1792) | ||||||
23 | Ahmed III Tulip Era Sultan GHAZI (The Warrior) HALİFE (Caliph of Islam) |
22 August 1703 | 1 or 2 October 1730 |
| ||
24 | Mahmud I GHAZI (The Warrior) KAMBUR (The Hunchback) HALİFE (Caliph of Islam) |
2 October 1730 | 13 December 1754 |
| ||
25 | Osman III SOFU (The Devout) HALİFE (Caliph of Islam) |
13 December 1754 | 29 or 30 October 1757 |
| ||
26 | Mustafa III YENİLİKÇİ (The First Innovative) HALİFE (Caliph of Islam) |
30 October 1757 | 21 January 1774 |
| ||
27 | Abdülhamid I Abd ūl-Hāmīd (The Servant of God) ISLAHATÇI (The Improver) GHAZI (The Warrior) HALİFE (Caliph of Islam) |
21 January 1774 | 6 or 7 April 1789 |
| ||
Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire[37] (9 January 1792 – 1 November 1922) | ||||||
28 | Selim III BESTEKÂR (The Composer) NİZÂM-Î (Regulative - Orderly) ŞEHÎD (Shāhīd) HALİFE (Caliph of Islam) |
7 April 1789 | 29 May 1807 |
| ||
29 | Mustafa IV HALİFE (Caliph of Islam) |
29 May 1807 | 28 July 1808 |
| ||
30 | Mahmud II İNKILÂPÇI (The Reformer) GHAZI (The Warrior) HALİFE (Caliph of Islam) |
28 July 1808 | 1 July 1839 |
| ||
31 | Abdülmecid I TANZİMÂTÇI (The Strong Reformist or The Advocate of Reorganization) GHAZI (The Warrior) HALİFE (Caliph of Islam) |
1 July 1839 | 25 June 1861 |
| ||
32 | Abdülaziz I BAHTSIZ (The Unfortunate) ŞEHÎD (Shāhīd) HALİFE (Caliph of Islam) |
25 June 1861 | 30 May 1876 |
| ||
33 | Murad V HALİFE (Caliph of Islam) |
30 May 1876 | 31 August 1876 |
| ||
34 | Abdülhamid II Ulû Sultân Abd ūl-Hāmīd Khan (The Sublime Khan) |
31 August 1876 | 27 April 1909 |
| ||
35 | Mehmed V REŞÂD (Rashād) (The True Path Follower) |
27 April 1909 | 3 July 1918 |
| ||
36 | Mehmed VI VAHDETTİN (Wāhīd ād-Dīn) (The Unifier of Religion (Islam)
or
The Oneness of Islam) |
4 July 1918 | 1 November 1922 |
| ||
Republican Caliphate ( 1 November 1922 – 3 March 1924 ) | ||||||
— | Abdülmecid II HALİFE (Caliph of Islam) |
18 November 1922 | 3 March 1924 | — [47] |
Referencias
[editar]- ↑ Stavrides 2001, p. 21
- ↑ Glazer 1996, «The Ottoman Empire»
- ↑ Glazer 1996, «War of Independence»
- ↑ Tughra
- ↑ a b «Sultan Osman Gazi». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ Tughra
- ↑ Tughra
- ↑ «Sultan Orhan Gazi». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan Murad Hüdavendigar Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan Yıldırım Beyezid Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan Mehmed Çelebi Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ a b «Sultan II. Murad Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ a b «Chronology: Sultan II. Murad Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 7 de abril de 2009.
- ↑ «Fatih Sultan Mehmed Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ Kafadar 1996, p. xix
- ↑ «Chronology: Fatih Sultan Mehmed Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 15 de julio de 2010.
- ↑ «Sultan II. Bayezid Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Yavuz Sultan Selim Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan II. Selim Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan III. Murad Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan III. Mehmed Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan I. Ahmed». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ a b «Sultan I. Mustafa». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan II. Osman Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan IV. Murad Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan İbrahim Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan IV. Mehmed». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan II. Süleyman Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan II. Ahmed Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan II. Mustafa Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan III. Ahmed Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan I. Mahmud Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan III. Osman Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan III. Mustafa Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan I. Abdülhamit Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ Dissolution
- ↑ «Sultan III. Selim Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan IV. Mustafa Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan II. Mahmud Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan Abdülmecid Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan Abdülaziz Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan V. Murad Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan II. Abdülhamid Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan V. Mehmed Reşad Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ «Sultan VI. Mehmed Vahdettin Han». Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2009.
- ↑ Tughra
- ↑ As̜iroğlu 1992, p. 13
- ↑ As̜iroğlu 1992, p. 17
- ↑ As̜iroğlu 1992, p. 14