1,2,4-Triazole

1,2,4-Triazole
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name 1H-1,2,4-Triazole
	Other names 1,2,4-Triazole pyrrodiazole
Identifiers
CAS Number	288-88-0 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:46077 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL15571 ;
ChemSpider	8900 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.005.476
PubChem CID	9257;
UNII	10MS0Y1RDI ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID6027131 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C2H3N3/c1-3-2-5-4-1/h1-2H,(H,3,4,5) Key: NSPMIYGKQJPBQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/C2H3N3/c1-3-2-5-4-1/h1-2H,(H,3,4,5) Key: NSPMIYGKQJPBQR-UHFFFAOYAZ;
	SMILES N1C=NC=N1;
Properties
Chemical formula	C2H3N3
Molar mass	69.00725
Appearance	white solid
Density	1.439 g/cm3
Melting point	120 to 121 °C (248 to 250 °F; 393 to 394 K)
Boiling point	260 °C (500 °F; 533 K)
Solubility in water	very soluble
Acidity (pKa)	10,3
Basicity (pKb)	11,8
Hazards
Flash point	140 °C (284 °F; 413 K)
Related compounds
Related compounds	1,2,3-triazole imidazole
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

1,2,4-Triazole (as ligand in coordination compounds, Htrz abbreviation is sometimes used) is one of a pair of isomeric chemical compounds with molecular formula C₂H₃N₃, called triazoles, which have a five-membered ring of two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms. 1,2,4-Triazole and its derivatives find use in a wide variety of applications.^[1]

Structure and properties

1,2,4-Triazole is a planar molecule. The C-N and N-N distances fall into a narrow range 136 - 132 picometers, consistent with the aromaticity.^[2] Although two tautomers can be envisioned, only one exists practically speaking.

1,2,4-Triazole is amphoteric, being susceptible to both N-protonation and deprotonation in aqueous solution. The pK_a of 1,2,4-triazolium (C₂N₃H₄⁺) is 2.45. The pK_a of the neutral molecule is 10.26.^[3]

Synthesis and occurrence

Portion of the structure of {[Fe(triazolate)(triazole)₂](BF₄)}_n.^[4]

1,2,4-Triazoles can be prepared using the Einhorn–Brunner reaction or the Pellizzari reaction. Unsubstituted 1,2,4-triazole can be prepared from thiosemicarbazide by acylation with formic acid followed by cyclization of 1-formyl-3-thiosemicarbazide into 1,2,4-triazole-3(5)-thiol; oxidation of the thiol by nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide yields 1,2,4-triazole.^[5]

1,2,4-Triazoles are featured in many kinds of drugs.^[6]^[7] Notable triazoles include the antifungal drugs fluconazole and itraconazole^[8] and the plant growth regulator paclobutrazol.^[9] Triazolate is a common bridging ligand in coordination chemistry.^[10]

References

^ Potts K. T. (1961). "The Chemistry of 1,2,4-Triazoles". Chemical Reviews. 61 (2): 87–127. doi:10.1021/cr60210a001.
^ Jeffrey, G. A.; Ruble, J. R.; Yates, J. H. (1983). "Neutron diffraction at 15 and 120 K and ab initio molecular-orbital studies of the molecular structure of 1,2,4-triazole". Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Science. 39 (3): 388–394. Bibcode:1983AcCrB..39..388J. doi:10.1107/S010876818300258X.
^ Garratt, Peter J. (1996). "1,2,4-Triazoles". Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry II. pp. 127–163. doi:10.1016/B978-008096518-5.00080-0. ISBN 978-0-08-096518-5.
^ Grosjean, Arnaud; Négrier, Philippe; Bordet, Pierre; Etrillard, Céline; Mondieig, Denise; Pechev, Stanislav; Lebraud, Eric; Létard, Jean-François; Guionneau, Philippe (2013). "Crystal Structures and Spin Crossover in the Polymeric Material [Fe(HTRZ)2(TRZ)](BF4) Including Coherent-Domain Size Reduction Effects" (PDF). European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2013 (5–6): 796–802. doi:10.1002/ejic.201201121.
^ C. Ainsworth (1960). "1,2,4-Triazole". Organic Syntheses. 40: 99. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.040.0099.
^ Keri, Rangappa S.; Patil, Siddappa A.; Budagumpi, Srinivasa; Nagaraja, Bhari Mallanna (2015). "Triazole: A Promising Antitubercular Agent". Chemical Biology & Drug Design. 86 (4): 410–423. doi:10.1111/cbdd.12527. PMID 25643871. S2CID 9313180.
^ Kaur, Ramandeep; Ranjan Dwivedi, Ashish; Kumar, Bhupinder; Kumar, Vinod (2016). "Recent Developments on 1,2,4-Triazole Nucleus in Anticancer Compounds: A Review". Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 16 (4): 465–489. doi:10.2174/1871520615666150819121106. PMID 26286663.
^ Kathiravan, Muthu K.; Salake, Amol B.; Chothe, Aparna S.; Dudhe, Prashik B.; Watode, Rahul P.; Mukta, Maheshwar S.; Gadhwe, Sandeep (2012). "The biology and chemistry of antifungal agents: A review". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 20 (19): 5678–5698. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.045. PMID 22902032.
^ Tesfahun, Wakjira (January 1, 2018). Yildiz, Fatih (ed.). "A review on: Response of crops to paclobutrazol application". Cogent Food & Agriculture. 4 (1): 1–9. Bibcode:2018CogFA...425169T. doi:10.1080/23311932.2018.1525169. S2CID 134517280.
^ Haasnoot, Jaap G. (2000). "Mononuclear, oligonuclear and polynuclear metal coordination compounds with 1,2,4-triazole derivatives as ligands". Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 200–202: 131–185. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(00)00266-6.

[1] Potts K. T. (1961). "The Chemistry of 1,2,4-Triazoles". Chemical Reviews. 61 (2): 87–127. doi:10.1021/cr60210a001.

[2] Jeffrey, G. A.; Ruble, J. R.; Yates, J. H. (1983). "Neutron diffraction at 15 and 120 K and ab initio molecular-orbital studies of the molecular structure of 1,2,4-triazole". Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Science. 39 (3): 388–394. Bibcode:1983AcCrB..39..388J. doi:10.1107/S010876818300258X.

[3] Garratt, Peter J. (1996). "1,2,4-Triazoles". Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry II. pp. 127–163. doi:10.1016/B978-008096518-5.00080-0. ISBN 978-0-08-096518-5.

[4] Grosjean, Arnaud; Négrier, Philippe; Bordet, Pierre; Etrillard, Céline; Mondieig, Denise; Pechev, Stanislav; Lebraud, Eric; Létard, Jean-François; Guionneau, Philippe (2013). "Crystal Structures and Spin Crossover in the Polymeric Material [Fe(HTRZ)2(TRZ)](BF4) Including Coherent-Domain Size Reduction Effects" (PDF). European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2013 (5–6): 796–802. doi:10.1002/ejic.201201121.

[5] C. Ainsworth (1960). "1,2,4-Triazole". Organic Syntheses. 40: 99. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.040.0099.

[6] Keri, Rangappa S.; Patil, Siddappa A.; Budagumpi, Srinivasa; Nagaraja, Bhari Mallanna (2015). "Triazole: A Promising Antitubercular Agent". Chemical Biology & Drug Design. 86 (4): 410–423. doi:10.1111/cbdd.12527. PMID 25643871. S2CID 9313180.

[7] Kaur, Ramandeep; Ranjan Dwivedi, Ashish; Kumar, Bhupinder; Kumar, Vinod (2016). "Recent Developments on 1,2,4-Triazole Nucleus in Anticancer Compounds: A Review". Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 16 (4): 465–489. doi:10.2174/1871520615666150819121106. PMID 26286663.

[8] Kathiravan, Muthu K.; Salake, Amol B.; Chothe, Aparna S.; Dudhe, Prashik B.; Watode, Rahul P.; Mukta, Maheshwar S.; Gadhwe, Sandeep (2012). "The biology and chemistry of antifungal agents: A review". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 20 (19): 5678–5698. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.045. PMID 22902032.

[9] Tesfahun, Wakjira (January 1, 2018). Yildiz, Fatih (ed.). "A review on: Response of crops to paclobutrazol application". Cogent Food & Agriculture. 4 (1): 1–9. Bibcode:2018CogFA...425169T. doi:10.1080/23311932.2018.1525169. S2CID 134517280.

[10] Haasnoot, Jaap G. (2000). "Mononuclear, oligonuclear and polynuclear metal coordination compounds with 1,2,4-triazole derivatives as ligands". Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 200–202: 131–185. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(00)00266-6.

[1]