蒜

蒜	U+849C, 蒜 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-849C

Translingual

Han character

蒜 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 廿一火火 (TMFF), four-corner 4499₁, composition ⿱艹祘)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1048, character 22
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31562
Dae Jaweon: page 1510, character 4
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3259, character 13
Unihan data for U+849C

Chinese

trad.		蒜
simp. ^#		蒜
2nd round simp.		祘

Wikipedia has an article on:

蒜

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 蒜
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (祘) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
蒜	*sloːns
祘	*sloːns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sloːns) : semantic 艸 + phonetic 祘 (OC *sloːns).

Etymology

Matisoff considers this to be derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *swa-n (“garlic”), but more likely this may be a plant imported from the Western Regions in the Qin–Han era. The relatively late attestation and the earlier form of 卵蒜 (luǎnsuàn) attest to the latter theory.

Compare Sanskrit लशुन (laśuna), Pali lasuṇa, lasuna. The Old Chinese reconstruction was revised to a *-or rhyme in the Baxter–Sagart system, akin to its homophone 算 (“to calculate”). Hence compare Persian (sir, “garlic”), Khotanese sārmā- (“the plant Basella cordifolia or B. lucida or B. rubra”), Hungarian sárma (“Ornithogalum sp.”), as well as Turkish sarımsak, Mongolian саримс (sarims).

Either way this word is cognate with the second syllable of Burmese ကြက်သွန် (krakswan, “onion”), ကြက်သွန်ဖြူ (krakswanhpru, “garlic”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): suàn (suan⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄢˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): suan⁴

(Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): suān

(Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): suān

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): суан (suan, III)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): syun³

(Dongguan, Jyutping++): soen³

(Taishan, Wiktionary): lhon⁴
Gan (Wiktionary): son⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): son

(Meixian, Guangdong): son⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): suan³
Northern Min (KCR): so̤̿ng
Eastern Min (BUC): sáung
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): soàn / sǹg

(Teochew, Peng'im): seng³

(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): sung³
Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): slun³
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵soe
Xiang
(Changsha, Wiktionary): sonn⁴

(Loudi, Wiktionary): suenn⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: suàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: suàn
  - Wade–Giles: suan⁴
  - Yale: swàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: suann
  - Palladius: суань (suanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /su̯än⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: suan⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: suan
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /suan²¹³/
- (Xi'an)
  - Guanzhong Pinyin: suān
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /suã⁵⁵/
- (Nanjing)
  - Nanjing Pinyin: suān
  - Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): suan⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /suã⁴⁴/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: суан (suan, III)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /suæ̃⁴⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: syun³
  - Yale: syun
  - Cantonese Pinyin: syn³
  - Guangdong Romanization: xun³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /syːn³³/
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
  - Jyutping++: soen³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /søn³²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: lhon⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬᵘɔn²¹/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: son⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɵn³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: son
  - Hakka Romanization System: son
  - Hagfa Pinyim: son⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /son⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: son⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /sɔn⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: suan³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /suæ̃⁴⁵/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: so̤̿ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɔŋ³³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: sáung
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɑuŋ²¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soàn
  - Tâi-lô: suàn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: soaxn
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /suan²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /suan¹¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /suan⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sǹg
  - Tâi-lô: sǹg
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sngx
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /sŋ̍⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /sŋ̍²¹/

Note:

soàn - literary;
sǹg - vernacular.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: seng³
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sṳ̀ng
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɯŋ²¹³/
(Leizhou)
- Leizhou Pinyin: sung³
- Sinological IPA: /suŋ²¹/

Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
  - Jyutping++: slun³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬun⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵soe
  - MiniDict: soe^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²soe
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /sø³⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: sonn⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sõ⁴⁵/
- (Loudi)
  - Wiktionary: suenn⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /su̯ẽ̞³⁵/

Middle Chinese: swanH

Rime
Character	蒜
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	桓 (62)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	蘇貫切
Baxter	swanH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/suɑn^H/
Pan Wuyun	/sʷɑn^H/
Shao Rongfen	/suɑn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/swan^H/
Li Rong	/suɑn^H/
Wang Li	/suɑn^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/suɑn^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	suàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	syun³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]ˤor-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*sloːns/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	蒜
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	suàn
Middle Chinese	‹ swan^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[s]ˁor-s/
English	garlic
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	蒜
Reading #	1/1
No.	12133
Phonetic component	祘
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	筭
Old Chinese	/*sloːns/

Definitions

蒜

garlic

Synonyms

(Hokkien) 蒜仔

Compounds

Descendants

→ Lisu: ꓢꓪꓮꓠꓸ (swɑ́n)

References

“蒜”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

蒜

Wikipedia ^ja

Kanji

蒜

(Hyōgai kanji)

Readings

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
蒜
にんにく Hyōgai
kun'yomi

Alternative spellings
大蒜葫忍辱

Origin uncertain. There are two leading theories.

Deriving ultimately from some compound and shift of 匂い (nioi, “smell, scent”) + 憎い (nikui, “hateful; bitter”).^[1] Possible progression:

⟨nipopi₁⟩ + ⟨niku⟩ → */nipopi niku/ → */nipniku/ → /ninniku/

Deriving as a shift in meaning from Buddhist term 忍辱 (ninniku, “patience, forbearance, forgiveness”). Apparently garlic was seen as stimulating, and as such it was a forbidden food and monks would have to forbear from eating it, possibly giving rise to use of the term as a euphemism.^[2]^[1]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) にんにく [nìńníkú] (Heiban – [0])^[3]^[4]
IPA^(key): [ɲ̟ĩɲ̟ːikɯ̟]

Noun

蒜(にんにく) or 蒜(ニンニク) • (ninniku)

[date uncertain] garlic

Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as ニンニク.

Derived terms

行者葫(ぎょうじゃにんにく) (gyōjaninniku)
浜蒜(はまにんにく) (hamaninniku)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
蒜
ひる Hyōgai
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
葫

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *peru (“garlic”). First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.^[5]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ひる [híꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1])^[3]^[4]
IPA^(key): [çiɾɯ̟]

Noun

蒜(ひる) • (hiru)

[from 712] allium

Derived terms

大蒜(おおびる) (ōbiru, “garlic”)
根蒜(ねびる) (nebiru), 沢蒜(ねびる) (nebiru)
野蒜(のびる) (nobiru)
蒜山(ひるぜん) (Hiruzen, “Hiruzen”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 “ニンニク／大蒜／葫／にんにく”, in 語源由来辞典 (Gogen Yurai Jiten, “Etymology Derivation Dictionary”) (in Japanese), 2003–2024.
^ “ニンニク・大蒜”, in 日本辞典 (Nihon Jiten, “Japan Dictionary”) (in Japanese), 2007–2017.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
^ “蒜・葫”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

Kikai

Kanji

蒜

(Hyōgai kanji)

Readings

Kun: ふぃる (firu, 蒜)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
蒜
Hyōgai

Alternative spelling
葫

Cognate with Japanese 蒜(ひる) (hiru).

Noun

蒜(ふぃる) (firu)

garlic

References

“ふぃる【蒜・葫】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

Korean

Hanja

蒜 • (san) (hangeul 산, revised san, McCune–Reischauer san, Yale san)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Okinawan

Kanji

蒜

(Hyōgai kanji)

Readings

Kun: ふぃる (firu, 蒜)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
蒜
Hyōgai

Alternative spelling
葫

Attested in the 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”) as ひる.^[1]

Pronunciation

(Shuri) IPA^(key): [ɸíɾù]

Noun

蒜(ふぃる) (firu)

garlic
んかしぇー　ふぃるぬ　かー　んーち　さきぢきっし　ふぃるじゃき　ちゅくたん。どぅー　あんまさる　ばすねー、ふぃるじゃき　ぬだいっし　うぬ　みーん　かなーち　かみーねー　たでーま　はしっとぅ　なたん　どー。
Nkashē firunu kā nnchi sakijikisshi firujaki chukutan. Dū anmasaru basunē, firujaki nudaisshi unu mīn kanāchi kamīnē tadēma hashittu natan dō.
In the past, we made garlic sake by peeling off the skin of the garlic. When we don't feel happy, we'd drink the garlic sake and ate the contents [lit. fruit] of it, and we would feel good right away.

References

^ Nakamoto, Masayo (中本政世) (1896) 沖縄語典 [Documentation of the Language of Okinawa], Hikone (彦根市): Eishōdō (永昌堂), →DOI, page 77

Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo (国立国語研究所) (1963) 沖縄語辞典 (Okinawa-go Jiten) [Dictionary of the Okinawan Language] (in Japanese), Tokyo (東京): Okurashō Insatsu Kyoku (財務省印刷局), page 240
Miyara, Shinshō (宮良信詳) (2021) うちなーぐち活用辞典 [Dictionary of the Practical Use of Okinawan] (in Japanese), Tokyo (東京都): Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo, Gengo Hen'i Kenkyū Ryōiki (国立国語研究所言語変異研究領域), →DOI, →ISBN, page 291

Yoron

Kanji

蒜

(Hyōgai kanji)

Readings

Kun: ぴる (piru, 蒜)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
蒜
Hyōgai

Alternative spelling
葫

Cognate with Japanese 蒜(ひる) (hiru).

Noun

蒜(ぴる) (piru)

garlic

References

“ぴる【蒜・葫】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

[GYJ-1] 1.0 ^1.1 “ニンニク／大蒜／葫／にんにく”, in 語源由来辞典 (Gogen Yurai Jiten, “Etymology Derivation Dictionary”) (in Japanese), 2003–2024.

[2] “ニンニク・大蒜”, in 日本辞典 (Nihon Jiten, “Japan Dictionary”) (in Japanese), 2007–2017.

[DJR-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-4] 4.0 ^4.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[5] “蒜・葫”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

[OG-6] Nakamoto, Masayo (中本政世) (1896) 沖縄語典 [Documentation of the Language of Okinawa], Hikone (彦根市): Eishōdō (永昌堂), →DOI, page 77

[1]

蒜

Translingual

Han character

References

Chinese

Glyph origin

Etymology

Pronunciation

Definitions

Synonyms

Compounds

Descendants

References

Japanese

Kanji

Readings

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Noun

Usage notes

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Noun

Derived terms

References

Kikai

Kanji

Readings

Etymology

Noun

References

Korean

Hanja

Okinawan

Kanji

Readings

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

References

Yoron

Kanji

Readings

Etymology

Noun

References

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