excutio

Latin

Etymology

From ex- (“out of”) +‎ quatiō (“shake”).

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ekˈsku.ti.oː/, [ɛkˈs̠kʊt̪ioː]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ekˈskut.t͡si.o/, [ekˈskut̪ː͡s̪io]

Verb

excutiō (present infinitive excutere, perfect active excussī, supine excussum); third conjugation iō-variant

to shake out, shake off, elicit, knock out, drive out, cast off, strike off
to throw from or off of a horse, chariot, ship, etc.
- 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.115–116:
  [...] excutitur prōnusque magister
  volvitur in caput [...].
  [Having been knocked out] and [lying] prone [on deck], the helmsman was thrown [from the ship], [and] was tumbled headfirst [into the water].
  (During the storm at sea, Lycian helmsman Leucaspis suffers a dishonorable death without proper burial; he appears by name in Book 6, Line 334.)
to discard, banish
Hanc excutere opīniōnem mihimet voluī rādīcitus.
I wished, for my own sake, to pluck up this opinion by the roots.
to examine, inspect

Conjugation

Conjugation of excutiō (third conjugation iō-variant)

indicative		singular				plural
indicative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	excutiō	excutis		excutit	excutimus	excutitis		excutiunt
	imperfect	excutiēbam	excutiēbās		excutiēbat	excutiēbāmus	excutiēbātis		excutiēbant
	future	excutiam	excutiēs		excutiet	excutiēmus	excutiētis		excutient
	perfect	excussī	excussistī		excussit	excussimus	excussistis		excussērunt, excussēre
	pluperfect	excusseram	excusserās		excusserat	excusserāmus	excusserātis		excusserant
	future perfect	excusserō	excusseris		excusserit	excusserimus	excusseritis		excusserint
	sigmatic future¹	excussō	excussis		excussit	excussimus	excussitis		excussint
passive	present	excutior	excuteris, excutere		excutitur	excutimur	excutiminī		excutiuntur
	imperfect	excutiēbar	excutiēbāris, excutiēbāre		excutiēbātur	excutiēbāmur	excutiēbāminī		excutiēbantur
	future	excutiar	excutiēris, excutiēre		excutiētur	excutiēmur	excutiēminī		excutientur
	perfect	excussus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	excussus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	excussus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular				plural
subjunctive		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	excutiam	excutiās		excutiat	excutiāmus	excutiātis		excutiant
	imperfect	excuterem	excuterēs		excuteret	excuterēmus	excuterētis		excuterent
	perfect	excusserim	excusserīs		excusserit	excusserīmus	excusserītis		excusserint
	pluperfect	excussissem	excussissēs		excussisset	excussissēmus	excussissētis		excussissent
	sigmatic aorist¹	excussim	excussīs		excussīt	excussīmus	excussītis		excussint
passive	present	excutiar	excutiāris, excutiāre		excutiātur	excutiāmur	excutiāminī		excutiantur
	imperfect	excuterer	excuterēris, excuterēre		excuterētur	excuterēmur	excuterēminī		excuterentur
	perfect	excussus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	excussus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular				plural
imperative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	—	excute		—	—	excutite		—
active	future	—	excutitō		excutitō	—	excutitōte		excutiuntō
passive	present	—	excutere		—	—	excutiminī		—
passive	future	—	excutitor		excutitor	—	—		excutiuntor
non-finite forms		infinitive				participle
non-finite forms		active		passive		active		passive
present		excutere		excutī		excutiēns		—
future		excussūrum esse		excussum īrī		excussūrus		excutiendus, excutiundus
perfect		excussisse		excussum esse		—		excussus
future perfect		—		excussum fore		—		—
perfect potential		excussūrum fuisse		—		—		—
verbal nouns		gerund					supine
		genitive	dative		accusative	ablative	accusative		ablative
		excutiendī	excutiendō		excutiendum	excutiendō	excussum		excussū

¹At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").

Descendants

Aromanian: scot, scoatiri
Dalmatian: scutro
→ English: excuss
→ Esperanto: skui
Galician: escudir
Friulian: scuedi
Italian: scuotere
→ Italian: escutere
Occitan: escodre
Old French: escoudre, escourre, rescorre, rescoure
- French: écourre, écoudre (rare)
- Bourguignon: écoure, écourai
- Norman: écourre, écourer
- → Middle English: rescouen
  - English: rescue
→ Portuguese: excutir
Romanian: scoate, scoatere
Sardinian: iscudere, isciudere, iscudiri, iscutere, scudi
Spanish: escodar

References

“excutio”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“excutio”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
excutio in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
- to make a person laugh: risum elicere (more strongly excutere) alicui
- to shake off the yoke of slavery: iugum servitutis excutere