Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃ep-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₃ep-

to work, toil, make
ability, force

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃ep- (13 c, 0 e)

*h₃ép ~ *h₃p-és
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háp
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háp
    - Sanskrit: अप् (áp)
*h₃op-éh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *opā́
  - >? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀃𐀞 (o-pa) (unless < *h₃erbʰ-?)
*h₃ép-(i)s, *h₃óp-(i)s^[1]
- Proto-Italic: *opis
  - Latin: ops, ⇒ cōpia
  - ⇒? Oscan:
*h₃ép-lom^[2]
- Proto-Germanic: *aflą (see there for further descendants)
*h₃ep-en-o-
- *h₃ep-en-ont-^[3]
  - Proto-Anatolian:
    - Hittite: 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾𒀭𒍝 (ḫa-ap-pí-na-an-za /⁠ḫappinanta⁠/)
  - (perhaps) Italic: *opelentos (by dissimilation of *n-*n to *l-*n)
    - Latin: opulentus
*h₃ép-n-i-s
- Proto-Italic: *opnis
  - Latin: omnis (see there for further descendants)
  - Oscan: úinim
*h₃ép-n-os ~ *h₃ép-n-es
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápnas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hápnas
    - Sanskrit: अप्नस् (ápnas)
*h₃ép-os ~ *h₃ép-es-^[4]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hápas
    - Sanskrit: अपस् (ápas)
  - ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HsuHápas (compounded with *Hsu-) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *opos
  - Latin: opus
  - ⇒ Proto-Italic: *opezāō
    - Latin: operor
    - Oscan:
      𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌍𐌞𐌌 (úpsannúm), 𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌍𐌖 (úpsannu, gerundive.acc.sg.m.n.)
      
      𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌍𐌀𐌌 (úpsannam), 𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌀𐌌 (úpsanam, gerundive.acc.sg.f.)
      
      οπσανω (opsanō, gerundive.acc.pl.n.)
      
      𐌞𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌃 (úpsed), 𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌃 (upsed, 3s.pf.)
      
      𐌖𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌍𐌔 (uupsens), 𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄𐌍𐌔 (upsens), ουπσενς (oupsens, 3p.pf.)
      
      𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌇 𐌔𐌄𐌍𐌕 (upsatuh sent, 3p.pf.ps.n.?)
    - Paelignian: upsaseter (3s/p.ipf.sb.ps.)
    - South Picene:
      ·𐌐𐌄𐌔𐌀𐌞·𐌌 (pesaú m, inf.)
      
      ·𐌐𐌔𐌞𐌕 (psút), ·𐌐𐌔𐌞𐌒 (psúq, 3s.pf.)
    - Umbrian:
      osatu (3s.ipv.II)
      
      oset(a est), oseto (est) (3s.pf.ps.f.)
    - Vestinian: ośens (3p.pf.)
*h₃ép-r̥ ~ *h₃p-ér-^[5]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒄩𒀀𒀊𒈦 (ḫa-a-ap-pár /⁠ḫāppar⁠/)
*h₃ép-s-tu-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *apstus
  - Lithuanian: apstus (“rich, plentiful, abundant”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: (perhaps)
- Albanian: punë
Armenian: (perhaps)
- Old Armenian: *աւն (*awn)
Proto-Germanic: *abnijaną (see there for further descendants) (perhaps)
Proto-Hellenic: (perhaps)
- >? Ancient Greek: ὄμπνη (ómpnē, “nourishment”) (most likely Pre-Greek)

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ops”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 431
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*afla- 1”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 2
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “ḫappina-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 346-347
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “opus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 432
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “ḫāppar-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 345-346

Pokorny, Julius (1959) “780”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 780
Chantraine, Pierre (1968–1980) “ὄμπνη”, in Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque (in French), Paris: Klincksieck, page 800b

[1] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ops”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 431

[2] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*afla- 1”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 2

[3] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “ḫappina-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 346-347

[4] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “opus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 432

[5] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “ḫāppar-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 345-346

[1]