2009 in paleomammalogy

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This paleomammalogy list records new fossil mammal taxa that were described during the year 2009, as well as notes other significant paleomammalogy discoveries and events which occurred during that year.

Mammals

A study by J. R. Foster is published estimating the body masses of mammals from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation by using the ratio of dentary length to body mass of modern marsupials as a reference. Foster concludes that Docodon was the most massive mammal genus of the formation at 141g and Fruitafossor was the least massive at 6g. The average Morrison mammal had a mass of 48.5g. A graph of the body mass distribution of Morrison mammal genera produced a right-skewed curve, meaning that there were more low-mass genera.^[1]
Fujiwara, S. I. (2009). "Olecranon orientation as an indicator of elbow joint angle in the stance phase, and estimation of forelimb posture in extinct quadruped animals". Journal of Morphology. 270 (9): 1107–1121. doi:10.1002/jmor.10748. PMID 19378290. S2CID 23878624.
Fujiwara, S. I.; Kuwazuru, O.; Inuzuka, N.; Yochikawa, N. (2009). "Relationship between scapular position and structural strength of rib cage in quadruped animals". Journal of Morphology. 270 (9): 1084–1094. doi:10.1002/jmor.10744. PMID 19378269. S2CID 5574036.
Mitchell, G.; van Sittert, S.J.; Skinner, J.D. (2009). "Sexual selection is not the origin of long necks in giraffes". Journal of Zoology. 278 (4): 281–286. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00573.x.

Newly named mammals
Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Anoiapithecus^[2]	Valid	Moyà-Solà Alba et al.^{[CAL 1]}	Middle Miocene		Spain
Apatemys pygmaeus^[3]	Valid	Beard & Dawson	Early Wasatchian		United States	A member of the family Apatemyidae.
Arcantiodelphys^[4]	Valid	Vullo Gheerbrant et al.^{[CAL 2]}	Cenomanian		France
Arvicanthis broekhuisi^[5]	Valid	Hordijk De Bruijn	Latest Miocene or earliest Pliocene	Komnina Formation	Greece	A rodent belonging to the family Muridae, a species of Arvicanthis.
Bonisicyon^[6]	Valid	Werdelin & Simpson	Late Miocene		Ethiopia Kenya	A bear dog. The type species is Bonisicyon illacabo.
Choctawius^[3]	Valid	Beard & Dawson	Early Wasatchian		United States	A member of Primatomorpha belonging to the family Microsyopidae. The type species is C. foxi; genus also includes "Navajovius" mckennai Szalay (1969).
Colpocherus^[3]	Valid	Beard & Dawson	Early Wasatchian		United States	A member of the family Amphilemuridae. The type species is C. mississippiensis.
Corbarimys? nomadus^[3]	Valid	Beard & Dawson	Early Wasatchian		United States	A rodent related to members of the genus Paramys.
Corriebaatar^[7]	Valid	Rich Vickers-Rich et al.^{[CAL 3]}	Aptian	Wonthaggi Formation	Australia	First Australian multituberculate.
Darwinius^[8]	Valid	Franzen Gingerich et al.^{[CAL 4]}	early Geiseltalian	Messel Formation	Germany		Darwinius
Diaceratherium massiliae^[9]	Disputed	Ménouret & Guérin	Late Oligocene		France	A rhinoceros. Originally described as a species of Diaceratherium; Tissier, Antoine & Becker (2021) interpreted it as a junior synonym of Ronzotherium romani.^[10]
Diacocherus dockeryi^[3]	Valid	Beard & Dawson	Early Wasatchian		United States	A member of Erinaceomorpha belonging to the group Litocherinae.
Disallomys^[11]	Valid	Korth	Late Oligocene		United States	An aplodontiid rodent, a new genus for the species "Allomys" storeri Tedrow and Korth. Genus also contains two new species: Disallomys robustus and D. intermedius.
Douglassciurus sapphirus^[12]	Valid	Korth	Late Oligocene		United States	A sciurine squirrel, a species of Douglassciurus.
Duerotherium^[13]	Valid	Cuesta Badiola	Middle Eocene			An anoplotheriine artiodactyl
Ectocion nanabeensis^[3]	Valid	Beard & Dawson	Early Wasatchian		United States
Eogale^[3]	Valid	Beard & Dawson	Early Wasatchian		United States	A member of the family Miacidae. The type species is E. parydros.
Eritherium^[14]	Valid	Gheerbrant	Early Thanetian	Ouled Abdoun basin	Morocco	The oldest, smallest and most primitive elephant relative.
Franimys? actites^[3]	Valid	Beard & Dawson	Early Wasatchian		United States	A rodent related to members of the genus Paramys.
Ganlea^[15]	Valid	Beard Marivaux et al.^{[CAL 5]}	late Middle Eocene	Pondaung Formation	Myanmar
Haplomylus meridionalis^[3]	Valid	Beard & Dawson	Early Wasatchian		United States	A member of the family Hyopsodontidae.
Heliscomys walshi^[16]	Valid	Kelly	Middle Eocene	Sespe Formation	United States	A heliscomyid rodent, a species of Heliscomys.
Howellictis^[17]	Valid	De Bonis et al.	Late Miocene		Chad	A member of Mustelidae belonging to the subfamily Mellivorinae. The type species is H. valentini.
Kahawamys^[18]	Valid	Stevens Holroyd et al.^{[CAL 6]}	Late Oligocene	Nsungwe Formation	Tanzania	A thryonomyoid rodent
Legionarictis^[19]	Valid	Tseng Wang Stewart	Miocene (Barstovian)	Temblor Formation	United States	A mustelid. The type species is Legionarictis fortidens.
Maiacetus^[20]	Valid	Gingerich ul-Haq et al.^{[CAL 7]}	early Middle Eocene	Habib Rahi Formation	Pakistan		Maiacetus
Maddenia^[21]	Valid	Kramarz Bond	Late Oligocene	Sarmiento Formation	Argentina	An astrapothere astrapotherid.
Meiconodon^[22]	Valid	Kusuhashi Hu et al.^{[CAL 8]}	Aptian/Albian	Fuxin Formation Shahai Formation	China	A alticonodontine triconodontid
Miacis igniculus^[3]	Valid	Beard & Dawson	Early Wasatchian		United States
Microtodon komanensis^[5]	Valid	Hordijk De Bruijn	Early Pliocene	Ptolemais Formation	Greece	A rodent.
Mimoperadectes houdei^[23]	Valid	Horovitz et al.	Early Wasatchian	Willwood Formation	United States
Mimoperadectes sowasheensis^[3]	Valid	Beard & Dawson	Early Wasatchian		United States
Miosengi^[24]	Valid	Grossman Holroyd	Early Miocene	Lothidok Formation	Kenya	An elephant shrew. The type species is M. butleri.
Mustela nivalis kudarensis^[25]	Valid	Baryshnikov	Middle to late Pleistocene		South Ossetia	A fossil subspecies of the least weasel.
Myomimus igdeliensis^[26]	Valid	Suata-Alpaslan	Early Pliocene (Ruscinian)		Turkey	A dormouse, a species of Myomimus.
Mytonolagus ashcrafti^[27]	Valid	Fostowicz-Frelik & Tabrum	Eocene		United States	A member of the family Leporidae.
Nalameryx^[28]	Valid	Métais Welcomme Ducrocq	Middle Oligocene	Chitarwata Formation	Pakistan	A lophiomerycid ruminant
Naranius americanus^[3]	Valid	Beard & Dawson	Early Wasatchian		United States	A member of the family Cimolestidae.
Niglarodon brachyodon^[11]	Valid	Korth	Late Oligocene		United States	An aplodontiid rodent, a species of Niglarodon.
Notiolofos^[29]	Valid	Bond et al.	Eocene	La Meseta Formation	Antarctica (Seymour Island)	A member of Litopterna belonging to the family Sparnotheriodontidae; a replacement name for Notolophus Bond et al. (2006).^[30]
Occitanomys (Rhodomys) vandami^[31]	Valid	Suata-Alpaslan	Early Pliocene (Ruscinian)		Turkey	A member of the family Muridae.
Ochotona mediterranensis^[32]	Valid	Suata-Alpaslan	Early Pliocene (Ruscinian)		Turkey	A pika.
Oligospermophilus emryi^[12]	Valid	Korth	Late Oligocene		United States	A cedromurine squirrel, a species of Oligospermophilus emryi.
Palaeosinopa aestuarium^[3]	Valid	Beard & Dawson	Early Wasatchian		United States
Paramys dispar^[3]	Valid	Beard & Dawson	Early Wasatchian		United States
Praesinomegaceros venustus^[33]	Valid	Vislobokova	Late Miocene (late Turolian)		Russia	A megacerine deer, a species of Praesinomegaceros.
Proconsul meswae^[34]	Valid	Harrison Andrews	Early Miocene		Kenya	A species of Proconsul^[34] or Ugandapithecus.^[35]
Prosciurus clausulus^[11]	Valid	Korth	Late Oligocene		United States	An aplodontiid rodent, a species of Prosciurus.
Proterix minimus^[36]	Valid	Korth	Late Oligocene		United States	An erinaceid, a species of Proterix.
Pseudomeriones hansi^[37]	Valid	Suata-Alpaslan	Early Pliocene (Ruscinian)		Turkey	A gerbil.
Puijila^[38]	Valid	Rybczynski Dawson Tedford	Early Miocene		Canada	Extinct genus of pinniped.	Puijila
Sallamys quispea^[39]	Valid	Shockey et al.	Deseadan	Moquegua Formation Salla Beds^[40]	Bolivia^[40] Peru	A caviomorph rodent related to the group Octodontoidea. Originally described as a species of Sallamys; subsequently transferred to the genus Migraveramus by Pérez et al. (in press).^[40]
Simplomys^[41]	Valid	García-Paredes in García-Paredes, Peláez-Campomanes & Álvarez-Sierra	Miocene		France Germany Portugal Spain Switzerland	A dormouse. The type species is "Pseudodryomys" simplicidens De Bruijn (1966); genus also includes "Pseudodryomys" robustus De Bruijn (1967), "Pseudodryomys" aljaphi Hugueney et al. (1978) and "Pseudodryomys" julii Daams (1989), as well as new species S. meulenorum.
Viverriscus^[3]	Valid	Beard & Dawson	Early Wasatchian		United States	A member of the family Viverravidae. The type species is V. omnivorus.
Wyonycteris primitivus^[3]	Valid	Beard & Dawson	Early Wasatchian		United States	A member of Soricomorpha belonging to the family Nyctitheriidae.

Notes

^ Moyà-Solà, Alba, Almécija, Casanovas-Vilar, Köhler, De Esteban-Trivigno, Robles, Galindo, Fortuny.
^ Vullo, Gheerbrant, de Muizon, Néraudeau.
^ Rich, Vickers-Rich, Flannery, Kear, Cantrill, Komarower, Kool, Pickering, Trusler, Morton, van Klaveren, Fitzgerald.
^ Franzen, Gingerich, Habersetzer, Hurum, von Koenigswald, Smith.
^ Beard, Marivaux, Chaimanee, Jaeger, Marandat, Tafforeau, Soe, Tun, Kyaw.
^ Stevens, Holroyd, Roberts, O'connor, Gottfried.
^ Gingerich, ul-Haq, von Koenigswald, Sanders, Smith, Zalmout.
^ Kusuhashi, Hu, Wang, Hirasawa, Matsuoka.

References

^ Foster, J.R. (2009). "Preliminary body mass estimates for mammalian genera of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic, North America)". PaleoBios. 28 (3): 114–122.
^ Moyà-Solà, Salvador; Alba, David M.; Almécija, Sergio; Casanovas-Vilar, Isaac; Köhler, Meike; De Esteban-Trivigno, Soledad; Robles, Josep M.; Galindo, Jordi; Fortuny, Josep (2009). "A unique Middle Miocene European hominoid and the origins of the great ape and human clade". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (24): 9601–9606. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.9601M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0811730106. PMC 2701031. PMID 19487676..
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p K. Christopher Beard; Mary R. Dawson (2009). "Early Wasatchian Mammals of the Red Hot Local Fauna, Uppermost Tuscahoma Formation, Lauderdale County, Mississippi". Annals of Carnegie Museum. 78 (3): 193–243. doi:10.2992/007.078.0301. S2CID 86281527.
^ Romain Vullo; Emmanuel Gheerbrant; Christian de Muizon; Didier Néraudeau (2009). "The oldest modern therian mammal from Europe and its bearing on stem marsupial paleobiogeography". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (47): 19910–19915. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10619910V. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902940106. PMC 2785266. PMID 19892730.
^ ^a ^b Kees Hordijk; Hans de Bruijn (2009). "The succession of rodent faunas from the Mio/Pliocene lacustrine deposits of the Florina-Ptolemais-Servia Basin (Greece)" (PDF). Hellenic Journal of Geosciences. 44: 21–103.
^ Lars Werdelin; Scott W. Simpson (2009). "The last amphicyonid (Mammalia, Carnivora) in Africa". Geodiversitas. 31 (4): 775–787. doi:10.5252/g2009n4a775. S2CID 73677723.
^ Rich, T. H.; Vickers-Rich, P.; Flannery, T. F.; Kear, B. P.; Cantrill, D. J.; Komarower, P.; Kool, L.; Pickering, D.; Rusler, P.; Morton, S.; van Klaveren, N.; Fitzgerald, E. M. G. (2009). "An Australian multituberculate and its palaeobiogeographic implications". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 (1): 1–6. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.527.9540. doi:10.4202/app.2009.0101. S2CID 30933794.
^ Franzen, JL; Gingerich, PD; Habersetzer, J; Hurum, JH; Von Koenigswald, W; Smith, BH; Hawks, John; Jens L. Franzen; Philip D. Gingerich; Jörg Habersetzer; Jørn H. Hurum; Wighart von Koenigswald; B. Holly Smith (2009). Hawks, John (ed.). "Complete Primate Skeleton from the Middle Eocene of Messel in Germany: Morphology and Paleobiology". PLoS ONE. 4 (5): e5723. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5723F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005723. PMC 2683573. PMID 19492084.
^ Bernard Ménouret; Claude Guérin (2009). "Diaceratherium massiliae nov. sp. des argiles oligocènes de Saint-André et Saint-Henri à Marseille et de Les Milles près d'Aix-en-Provence (SE de la France), premier grand Rhinocerotidae brachypode européen". Geobios. 42 (3): 293–327. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2008.10.009..
^ Tissier, J.; Antoine, P.-O.; Becker, D. (2021). "New species, revision, and phylogeny of Ronzotherium Aymard, 1854 (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae)". European Journal of Taxonomy (753): 1–80. doi:10.5852/ejt.2021.753.1389. S2CID 236275994.
^ ^a ^b ^c William W. Korth (2009). "Mammals from the Blue Ash local fauna (late Oligocene), South Dakota. Rodentia, Part 4: Family Aplodontidae" (PDF). Paludicola. 7 (3): 89–106. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-13. Retrieved 2015-07-11.
^ ^a ^b William W. Korth (2009). "Mammals from the Blue Ash local fauna (late Oligocene), South Dakota. Rodentia, Part 3: Family Sciuridae" (PDF). Paludicola. 7 (2): 47–60. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-12. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
^ Cuesta, Miguel-ÁNgel; Badiola, Ainara; Miguel-Ángel Cuesta; Ainara Badiola (2009). "Duerotherium sudrei gen. et sp. nov., a new anoplotheriine artiodactyl from the middle Eocene of the Iberian Peninsula". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (1): 303–308. doi:10.1671/039.029.0110. S2CID 55546022.
^ Emmanuel Gheerbrant (2009). "Paleocene emergence of elephant relatives and the rapid radiation of African ungulates". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (26): 10717–10721. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10610717G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900251106. PMC 2705600. PMID 19549873.
^ Beard, KC; Marivaux, L; Chaimanee, Y; Jaeger, JJ; Marandat, B; Tafforeau, P; Soe, AN; K. Christopher Beard; Laurent Marivaux, AA; Yaowalak Chaimanee; Jean-Jacques Jaeger; Bernard Marandat; Paul Tafforeau; Aung Naing Soe; Soe Thura Tun; Aung Aung Kyaw (2009). "A new primate from the Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar and the monophyly of Burmese amphipithecids". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 276 (1671): 3285–3294. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0836. PMC 2817178. PMID 19570790.
^ Thomas S. Kelly (2009). "A new species of Heliscomys (Rodentia, Heliscomyidae) from the Duchesnean (middle Eocene) Simi Valley landfill local fauna, Sespe Formation, California". Paludicola. 7 (3): 67–77.
^ Louis de Bonis; Stephane Peigné; Franck Guy; Andossa Likius; Hassane T. Makaye; Patrick Vignaud; Michel Brunet (2009). "A new mellivorine (Carnivora, Mustelidae) from the Late Miocene of Toros Menalla, Chad". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 252 (1): 33–54. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2009/0252-0033.
^ Stevens, Nancy J.; Holroyd, Patricia A.; Roberts, Eric M.; O'Connor, Patrick M.; Gottfried, Michael D.; Nancy J. Stevens; Patricia A. Holroyd; Eric M. Roberts; Patrick M. O'connor; Michael D. Gottfried (2009). "Kahawamys mbeyaensis (n. gen., n. sp.) (Rodentia: Thryonomyoidea) from the late Oligocene Rukwa Rift Basin, Tanzania" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (2): 631–634. doi:10.1671/039.029.0219. S2CID 140590080. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
^ Zhijie Jack Tseng; Xiaoming Wang; J.D. Stewart (2009). "A new immigrant mustelid (Carnivora, Mammalia) from the middle Miocene Temblor Formation of central California". PaleoBios. 29 (1): 13–23.
^ Gingerich, PD; Ul-Haq, M; Von Koenigswald, W; Sanders, WJ; Smith, BH; Zalmout, IS; Sereno, Paul; Philip D. Gingerich; Munir ul-Haq; Wighart von Koenigswald; William J. Sanders; B. Holly Smith; Iyad S. Zalmout (2009). Sereno, Paul (ed.). "New Protocetid Whale from the Middle Eocene of Pakistan: Birth on Land, Precocial Development, and Sexual Dimorphism". PLoS ONE. 4 (2): e4366. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.4366G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004366. PMC 2629576. PMID 19194487.
^ Alejandro G. Kramarz and Mariano Bond. A new oligocene astrapothere (Mammalia, Meridiungulata) from Patagonia and a new appraisal of astrapothere phylogeny. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology (2009), 7 : pp 117-128
^ Kusuhashi, Nao; Hu, Yaoming; Wang, Yuanqing; Hirasawa, Satoshi; Matsuoka, Hiroshige; Nao Kusuhashi; Yaoming Hu; Yuanqing Wang; Satoshi Hirasawa; Hiroshige Matsuoka (2009). "New triconodontids (Mammalia) from the Lower Cretaceous Shahai and Fuxin formations, northeastern China". Geobios. 42 (6): 765–781. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2009.06.003.
^ Inés Horovitz; Thomas Martin; Jonathan Bloch; Sandrine Ladevèze; Cornelia Kurz; Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra (2009). "Cranial Anatomy of the Earliest Marsupials and the Origin of Opossums". PLOS ONE. 4 (12): e8278. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.8278H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008278. PMC 2789412. PMID 20016823.
^ Ari Grossman; Patricia A. Holroyd (2009). "Miosengi butleri, gen. et sp. nov., (Macroscelidea) from the Kalodirr Member, Lothidok Formation, Early Miocene of Kenya". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (3): 957–960. doi:10.1671/039.029.0318. S2CID 86028715.
^ Baryshnikov, Gennady F. (2009). "Pleistocene Mustelidae (Carnivora) from Paleolithic site in Kudaro Caves in the Caucasus" (PDF). Russian Journal of Theriology. 8 (2): 75–95. doi:10.15298/rusjtheriol.08.2.02..
^ Fadime Suata-Alpaslan (2009). "Myomimus igdeliensis nov. sp. (Gerbillinae, Rodentia-Mammalia) from the Early Pliocene/ Ruscinian fauna of Iğdeli (Turkey)". 9th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference : modern management of mine producing, geology and environmental protection, SGEM2009. Vol. Conference proceedings Vol. 1. pp. 91–98. ISBN 978-954-91818-1-4.
^ Łucja Fostowicz-Frelik; Alan R. Tabrum (2009). "Leporids (Mammalia, Lagomorpha) from the Diamond O Ranch Local Fauna, Latest Middle Eocene of Southwestern Montana". Annals of Carnegie Museum. 78 (3): 253–271. doi:10.2992/007.078.0303. S2CID 85013735.
^ Métais, GréGoire; Welcomme, Jean-Loup; Ducrocq, StéPhane; Grégoire Métais; Jean-Loup Welcomme; Stéphane Ducrocq (2009). "New Lophiomerycid Ruminants from the Oligocene of the Bugti Hills (Balochistan, Pakistan)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (1): 231–241. doi:10.1671/039.029.0115. S2CID 129509229.
^ Mariano Bond; Marcelo A. Reguero; Sergio F. Vizcaíno; Sergio A. Marenssi; Edgardo Ortiz-Jaureguizar (2009). "Notiolofos, a replacement name for Notolophus Bond, Reguero, Vizcaíno, and Marenssi, 2006, a preoccupied name". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (3): 979. doi:10.1671/039.029.0321. S2CID 84808731..
^ M. Bond; M. A. Reguero; S. F. Vizcaíno; S. A. Marenssi (2006). "A new 'South American ungulate' (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the Eocene of the Antarctic Peninsula". In J. E. Francis; D. Pirrie; J. A. Crame (eds.). Cretaceous-tertiary high-latitude palaeoenvironments: James Ross Basin, Antarctica. Vol. 258. The Geological Society of London. pp. 163–176. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.258.01.12. S2CID 140546667. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
^ Fadime Suata-Alpaslan (2009). "Occitanomys (Rhodomys) vandami nov. sp. (Muridae, Mammalia) from the Early Pliocene/Early Ruscinian Fauna of Iğdeli (Turkey)". The Open Geology Journal. 3 (1): 64–69. Bibcode:2009OGJ.....3...64S. doi:10.2174/1874262900903010064.
^ Fadime Suata-Alpaslan (2009). "Ochotona mediterranensis nov. sp. (Lagomorpha- Mammalia) from Early Plıocene of Iğdeli (Anatolia-Turkey)". 9th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference : modern management of mine producing, geology and environmental protection, SGEM2009. Vol. Conference proceedings Vol. 1. pp. 99–104. ISBN 978-954-91818-1-4.
^ Vislobokova, Inessa (2009). "A new species of Megacerini (Cervidae, Artiodactyla) from the Late Miocene of Taralyk-Cher, Tuva (Russia), and remarks on the relationships of the group". Geobios. 42 (3): 397–410. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2008.12.004..
^ ^a ^b Terry Harrison; Peter Andrews (2009). "The anatomy and systematic position of the early Miocene proconsulid from Meswa Bridge, Kenya". Journal of Human Evolution. 56 (5): 479–496. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.02.005. PMID 19394999.
^ M. Pickford; B. Senut; D. Gommery; E. Musiime (2009). "Distinctiveness of Ugandapithecus from Proconsul". Estudios Geológicos. 65 (2): 183–241. doi:10.3989/egeol.39926.071.
^ William W. Korth (2009). "Mammals from the Blue Ash local fauna (late Oligocene), South Dakota. Lipotyphyla and additional Marsupialia" (PDF). Paludicola. 7 (3): 78–88. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
^ Fadime Suata-Alpaslan (2009). "Pseudomeriones hansi nov. sp. (Rodentia, Mammalia) from the Early Pliocene (Ruscinian) Fauna of Iğdeli (Turkey)". The Open Geology Journal. 3 (1): 58–63. Bibcode:2009OGJ.....3...58S. doi:10.2174/1874262900903010058.
^ Natalia Rybczynski; Mary R. Dawson; Richard H. Tedford (2009). "A semi-aquatic Arctic mammalian carnivore from the Miocene epoch and origin of Pinnipedia". Nature. 458 (23 April): 1021–1024. Bibcode:2009Natur.458.1021R. doi:10.1038/nature07985. PMID 19396145. S2CID 4371413.
^ Bruce J. Shockey; Rodolfo Salas Gismondi; Phillip Gans; Annie Jeong; John J. Flynn (2009). "Paleontology and geochronology of the Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Moquegua, Perú". American Museum Novitates (3668): 1–24. doi:10.1206/662.1. hdl:2246/6027. S2CID 54603158.
^ ^a ^b ^c María Encarnación Pérez; Michelle Arnal; Myriam Boivin; María Guiomar Vucetich; Adriana Candela; Felipe Busker; Bernardino Mamani Quispe (2019). "New caviomorph rodents from the late Oligocene of Salla, Bolivia: taxonomic, chronological, and biogeographic implications for the Deseadan faunas of South America". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (10): 821–847. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1471622. S2CID 89662626.
^ Israel García-Paredes; Pablo Peláez-Campomanes; M. Ángeles Álvarez-Sierra (2018). "Gliridae (Rodentia, Mammalia) with a simple dental pattern: a new genus and new species from the European Early and Middle Miocene". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 157 (3): 622–652. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00527.x.

[anoiapithecus-authors-3] Moyà-Solà, Alba, Almécija, Casanovas-Vilar, Köhler, De Esteban-Trivigno, Robles, Galindo, Fortuny.

[arcantiodelphys-authors-6] Vullo, Gheerbrant, de Muizon, Néraudeau.

[corriebaatar-authors-10] Rich, Vickers-Rich, Flannery, Kear, Cantrill, Komarower, Kool, Pickering, Trusler, Morton, van Klaveren, Fitzgerald.

[darwinius-authors-12] Franzen, Gingerich, Habersetzer, Hurum, von Koenigswald, Smith.

[ganlea-authors-20] Beard, Marivaux, Chaimanee, Jaeger, Marandat, Tafforeau, Soe, Tun, Kyaw.

[kahawamys-authors-24] Stevens, Holroyd, Roberts, O'connor, Gottfried.

[maiacetus-authors-27] Gingerich, ul-Haq, von Koenigswald, Sanders, Smith, Zalmout.

[meiconodon-authors-30] Kusuhashi, Hu, Wang, Hirasawa, Matsuoka.

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[Gheerbrant-18] Emmanuel Gheerbrant (2009). "Paleocene emergence of elephant relatives and the rapid radiation of African ungulates". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (26): 10717–10721. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10610717G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900251106. PMC 2705600. PMID 19549873.

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[Stevens-23] Stevens, Nancy J.; Holroyd, Patricia A.; Roberts, Eric M.; O'Connor, Patrick M.; Gottfried, Michael D.; Nancy J. Stevens; Patricia A. Holroyd; Eric M. Roberts; Patrick M. O'connor; Michael D. Gottfried (2009). "Kahawamys mbeyaensis (n. gen., n. sp.) (Rodentia: Thryonomyoidea) from the late Oligocene Rukwa Rift Basin, Tanzania" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (2): 631–634. doi:10.1671/039.029.0219. S2CID 140590080. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2010.

[25] Zhijie Jack Tseng; Xiaoming Wang; J.D. Stewart (2009). "A new immigrant mustelid (Carnivora, Mammalia) from the middle Miocene Temblor Formation of central California". PaleoBios. 29 (1): 13–23.

[Gingerich-26] Gingerich, PD; Ul-Haq, M; Von Koenigswald, W; Sanders, WJ; Smith, BH; Zalmout, IS; Sereno, Paul; Philip D. Gingerich; Munir ul-Haq; Wighart von Koenigswald; William J. Sanders; B. Holly Smith; Iyad S. Zalmout (2009). Sereno, Paul (ed.). "New Protocetid Whale from the Middle Eocene of Pakistan: Birth on Land, Precocial Development, and Sexual Dimorphism". PLoS ONE. 4 (2): e4366. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.4366G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004366. PMC 2629576. PMID 19194487.

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