2001 Polish parliamentary election

2001 Polish parliamentary election
All 460 seats in the Sejm ; 231 seats needed for a majority
Turnout	46.29%
	Seats won by Sejm District
Government before election; Buzek cabinet; AWS	Government after election ; Miller cabinet; SLD—PSL—UP

Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 23 September 2001. All 460 members of the Sejm and 100 senators of the Senate were elected. The election concluded with an overwhelming victory for the centre-left Democratic Left Alliance – Labor Union, the electoral coalition between the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) and the Labour Union (UP), which captured 41% of the vote in the crucial lower house Sejm. The 2001 election is recognized as marking the emergence of both Civic Platform (PO) and Law and Justice (PiS) as players in Polish politics, while also witnessing the outright collapse of the Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) and its former coalition partner, the Freedom Union (UW).

Voter turnout for the 2001 election was 46%^[1] For this election only, list seats were allocated using the Sainte-Laguë method instead of the D'Hondt method.

Background

At the end of its four-year term, the ruling AWS government of Prime Minister Jerzy Buzek faced bleak prospects for the September parliamentary election. In the previous presidential election in 2000, the SLD's Aleksander Kwaśniewski achieved a landslide reelection over AWS candidate Marian Krzaklewski. Economically, Polish consumer confidence dropped to its lowest since the mid-1990s, with unemployment rising above 16%.^[2] Politically, the Buzek government faced a series of crises undermining its credibility. In May 2000, the AWS' junior coalition partner, the Freedom Union, walked out of the government regarding the party's objections to the slow pace of reform, forcing Buzek to set up a relatively weak minority government in its place.^[3] Later in July 2001, Buzek's government was again hit by three further ministerial resignations over corruption charges, while the government's reform program for pensions and health care grounded to a halt in the Sejm.^[2]

In light of Buzek's besieged administration, opposition parties took advantage of AWS' organisational and economic weaknesses. From the centre left, a political coalition between the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) and the Labour Union (UP), headed by Leszek Miller, appeared as the ruling government's most formidable, united and vocal opposition. On the centre right, Solidarity's traditional spectrum of support increasingly became divided by the emergence of new political groups. Civic Platform (PO), composed of former AWS and UW members, repeated calls for a low flat-rate income tax and a culling of bureaucracy to attract investment.^[2] Further down the right, the Law and Justice party (PiS), composed of AWS' more conservative and anti-communist adherents, campaigned on promises of tough anti-corruption and organised crime legislation.^[2]

The campaign leading up to the September election was marred by voter apathy due to the summer holidays, and was also marginalized by the September 11 attacks in the United States.^[4]

Campaign spending

Party		2001		2024 equivalent
Party		Spent	Cost	Spent	Cost
	SLD-UP	26,995,002	5,05	13,500,029	2,53
	PO	16,319,018	9,88	8,161,037	4,94
	SRP	1,862,470	1,40	931,409	0,70
	PiS	5,302,842	4,29	2,651,917	2,14
	PSL	9,409,950	8,05	4,705,856	4,03
	LPR	514,841	0,50	257,468	0,25
Source: Dudek^[5]

Opinion polls

Results

Powiats with party majority
■ – Democratic Left Alliance
■ – Polish People's Party
■ – Civic Platform
■ – Solidarity Electoral Action
■ – League of Polish Families
■ – German Minority

Results of the Sejm election, showing vote strength by electoral district. SLD won a plurality in all 41 constituencies.

The SLD triumphed in the final tally, receiving 41% percent of the vote, though shy of an outright parliamentary majority in the Sejm.^[6] The party increased its representation by 52 seats, earning it 216 representatives, and returned to the Chancellery after a four-year period of sitting in opposition. Partly due to the fractious nature of its opponents, the SLD secured pluralities in all of Poland's voivodeships as well as in an overwhelming majority of the nation's powiats. On the centre right, Civic Platform entered parliament for the first time, coming in second place with nearly 13% of the vote.^[6] The party stood relatively strong in Pomeranian Voivodeship.

Law and Justice (PiS), headed by Lech Kaczyński, a former Minister of Justice in the Buzek government, scored 44 seats and 9.5% of the vote, also securing his party's entrance into the Sejm for the first time. The Polish People's Party (PSL) won 42 seats, slightly reversing the party's devastating losses from 1997. The PSL would later enter into coalition with the SLD to achieve a parliamentary majority.

Ultra-nationalist parties also performed well in the election's final results. The left-wing nationalist Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland (SRP) increased its vote 100-fold from the 1997 election, securing 53 seats and 10% of the vote, coming in third place. Headed by populist Andrzej Lepper, the party campaigned against Warsaw excess and Poland's ongoing negotiations to enter the European Union.^[7] On the far right, the League of Polish Families, which campaigned on a staunchly Catholic and anti-EU platform, also entered the Sejm for the first time, gaining 38 seats and 8% of the vote.^[7]

The election proved catastrophic for Solidarity Electoral Action and its former coalition partner, Freedom Union. Both parties failed to secure the 8% for coalitions and 5% for standalone parties threshold to enter the Sejm, with AWS and UW falling to 5.6% and 3.1%, respectively.^[6] In the election's aftermath, Prime Minister Buzek tendered his resignation. Both the AWS and UW faced political extinction following the election's aftermath. The AWS dissolved itself by the end of 2001; the UW lingered until its own dissolution in 2005.

Sejm



Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union	5,342,519	41.04	216	+52
	Civic Platform	1,651,099	12.68	65	New
	Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland	1,327,624	10.20	53	+53
	Law and Justice	1,236,787	9.50	44	New
	Polish People's Party	1,168,659	8.98	42	+15
	League of Polish Families	1,025,148	7.87	38	New
	Solidarity Electoral Action	729,207	5.60	0	–201
	Freedom Union	404,074	3.10	0	–60
	Alternative Social Movement	54,266	0.42	0	New
	German Minority Electoral Committee	47,230	0.36	2	0
	Polish Socialist Party	13,459	0.10	0	New
	German Minority Upper Silesia	8,024	0.06	0	0
	Polish Economic Union [pl]	7,189	0.06	0	New
	Polska Wspólnota Narodowa [pl]	2,644	0.02	0	New
Total		13,017,929	100.00	460	0

Valid votes		13,017,929	96.01
Invalid/blank votes		541,483	3.99
Total votes		13,559,412	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		29,364,455	46.18
Source: Nohlen & Stöver

By constituency

Constituency	Turnout	SLD	PO	SRP	PiS	PSL	LPR	AWSP	UW	MN	Others	Lead
Constituency	Turnout										Others	Lead
1 – Legnica	43.50	53.69	10.50	9.42	7.03	5.81	5.89	4.07	3.19	-	0.40	43.19
2 – Wałbrzych	43.89	52.68	11.74	10.91	4.67	5.48	6.48	4.24	3.27	-	0.55	40.94
3 – Wrocław	46.92	39.15	17.83	9.51	10.26	4.74	7.86	5.21	5.00	-	0.45	21.32
4 – Bydgoszcz	46.53	50.37	8.97	9.57	7.38	7.85	8.16	4.97	2.27	-	0.46	40.80
5 – Toruń	42.68	47.36	9.59	12.05	6.98	8.86	7.61	4.23	2.64	-	0.67	35.31
6 – Lublin	48.09	34.27	8.48	13.31	9.42	17.27	9.91	4.50	2.18	-	0.66	17.00
7 – Chełm	46.65	34.58	5.91	15.86	5.23	21.38	11.30	3.85	1.49	-	0.40	13.20
8 – Zielona Góra	42.58	51.54	9.81	9.60	5.66	7.49	5.44	5.99	3.36	-	1.10	41.73
9 – Łódź	48.54	52.19	12.10	6.69	9.88	2.35	7.34	5.70	3.22	-	0.52	40.09
10 – Piotrków Trybunalski	44.73	39.70	8.33	15.90	6.32	14.91	7.49	4.80	1.63	-	0.93	23.80
11 – Sieradz	46.17	41.05	7.84	17.76	5.77	13.87	7.51	3.85	1.59	-	0.75	23.29
12 – Chrzanów	48.27	35.24	14.09	8.38	9.87	9.30	11.54	8.16	2.84	-	0.57	21.15
13 – Kraków	50.50	33.67	18.15	6.89	16.03	5.11	9.66	4.39	5.84	-	0.25	15.52
14 – Nowy Sącz	47.95	23.32	19.13	7.98	11.68	10.86	11.44	12.80	2.04	-	0.75	4.19
15 – Tarnów	46.59	25.56	13.77	10.05	9.77	17.40	13.02	7.87	2.22	-	0.33	8.16
16 – Płock	42.11	41.21	7.70	13.04	7.48	17.04	5.67	5.27	1.98	-	0.61	24.17
17 – Radom	43.66	34.38	10.64	13.54	8.00	18.10	7.71	5.47	1.59	-	0.58	16.28
18 – Siedlce	45.65	30.06	7.60	14.19	8.42	22.95	9.67	4.94	1.60	-	0.56	7.11
19 – Warsaw I	56.11	36.77	18.87	3.05	21.57	1.62	7.12	4.02	6.58	-	0.40	15.20
20 – Warsaw II	45.15	30.76	16.05	8.26	18.12	8.95	9.38	4.90	3.15	-	0.45	12.64
21 – Opole	39.83	38.84	11.97	11.01	5.33	5.08	6.62	3.66	3.09	13.62	0.78	25.22
22 – Krosno	47.28	31.62	7.02	12.27	8.79	15.90	11.89	10.29	1.75	-	0.48	15.72
23 – Rzeszów	49.14	31.19	8.86	10.14	8.41	13.78	15.78	9.90	1.36	-	0.58	15.41
24 – Białystok	44.79	37.91	8.42	12.04	11.51	10.96	11.79	4.89	1.87	-	0.61	25.87
25 – Gdańsk	47.56	34.58	25.82	6.38	15.95	3.39	5.90	4.91	2.83	-	0.23	8.76
26 – Gdynia	47.32	36.46	24.92	9.21	9.30	4.96	7.87	4.27	2.69	-	0.32	11.54
27 – Bielsko-Biała	51.06	38.30	13.80	7.91	9.87	5.65	9.83	10.21	3.79	-	0.65	24.50
28 – Częstochowa	46.84	47.03	11.70	10.61	7.89	7.14	5.48	6.99	2.37	-	0.79	35.33
29 – Gliwice	39.26	44.39	13.62	6.09	9.81	3.01	5.48	8.44	5.33	-	3.84	30.77
30 – Rybnik	42.88	40.16	18.04	7.10	9.61	4.15	5.97	7.55	4.23	2.09	1.08	22.12
31 – Katowice	44.90	44.60	16.43	5.55	12.44	2.01	-	13.34	4.60	-	1.03	28.17
32 – Sosnowiec	48.53	62.40	8.45	6.84	6.66	3.86	3.97	4.23	2.71	-	0.86	53.95
33 – Kielce	44.17	45.08	7.16	12.81	6.73	15.07	6.24	3.68	1.80	-	1.41	30.01
34 – Elbląg	42.03	47.89	10.35	12.71	6.36	9.06	6.69	2.72	3.86	-	0.35	35.18
35 – Olsztyn	40.16	47.22	11.64	9.63	7.87	6.94	8.57	3.97	3.48	-	0.67	35.58
36 – Kalisz	49.99	47.31	10.16	12.77	4.06	12.00	7.49	3.75	1.93	-	0.54	34.54
37 – Konin	47.82	48.07	8.88	13.76	4.78	11.33	5.66	5.15	1.80	-	0.56	34.31
38 – Piła	49.12	48.34	10.47	11.74	4.62	10.55	6.64	4.55	2.68	-	0.43	36.60
39 – Poznań	52.27	41.99	20.29	5.08	12.81	2.98	7.22	4.26	4.97	-	0.49	21.70
40 – Koszalin	43.75	47.16	10.15	22.77	3.73	4.11	4.45	4.06	3.01	-	0.56	24.39
41 – Szczecin	43.40	50.58	12.56	10.24	8.28	3.75	5.77	4.24	4.26	-	0.32	38.02
Poland	46.29	41.04	12.68	10.20	9.50	8.98	7.87	5.60	3.10	0.36	0.66	28.36

Seat distribution by constituency

Constituency	SLD	PO	SRP	PiS	PSL	LPR	MN	Sum
Constituency								Sum
1 – Legnica	7	1	1	1	1	1	-	12
2 – Wałbrzych	6	1	1	-	-	1	-	9
3 – Wrocław	6	3	1	2	1	1	-	14
4 – Bydgoszcz	7	1	1	1	1	1	-	12
5 – Toruń	7	1	2	1	1	1	-	13
6 – Lublin	5	1	2	2	3	2	-	15
7 – Chełm	5	1	2	-	3	1	-	12
8 – Zielona Góra	7	1	1	1	1	1	-	12
9 – Łódź	6	2	1	1	-	1	-	11
10 – Piotrków Trybunalski	4	1	2	-	1	1	-	9
11 – Sieradz	5	1	2	1	2	1	-	12
12 – Chrzanów	3	1	-	1	1	1	-	7
13 – Kraków	5	3	1	2	1	2	-	14
14 – Nowy Sącz	3	2	1	1	1	1	-	9
15 – Tarnów	2	1	1	1	2	1	-	8
16 – Płock	5	1	1	1	2	-	-	10
17 – Radom	3	1	1	1	2	1	-	9
18 – Siedlce	4	1	2	1	3	1	-	12
19 – Warsaw I	8	4	-	5	-	2	-	19
20 – Warsaw II	3	2	1	2	1	1	-	10
21 – Opole	5	2	2	1	-	1	2	13
22 – Krosno	4	1	2	1	2	1	-	11
23 – Rzeszów	5	2	2	1	2	3	-	15
24 – Białystok	6	1	2	2	2	2	-	15
25 – Gdańsk	5	3	1	2	-	1	-	12
26 – Gdynia	6	4	1	1	1	1	-	14
27 – Bielsko-Biała	4	2	1	1	-	1	-	9
28 – Częstochowa	4	1	1	1	-	-	-	7
29 – Gliwice	6	2	1	1	-	-	-	10
30 – Rybnik	5	2	1	1	-	-	-	9
31 – Katowice	7	3	1	2	-	-	-	13
32 – Sosnowiec	7	1	1	-	-	-	-	9
33 – Kielce	8	1	2	1	3	1	-	16
34 – Elbląg	5	1	1	-	1	-	-	8
35 – Olsztyn	5	1	1	1	-	1	-	9
36 – Kalisz	6	1	2	-	2	1	-	12
37 – Konin	5	1	2	-	1	-	-	9
38 – Piła	5	1	1	-	1	1	-	9
39 – Poznań	5	2	-	2	-	1	-	10
40 – Koszalin	5	1	2	-	-	-	-	8
41 – Szczecin	7	2	2	1	-	1	-	13
Total	216	65	53	44	42	38	2	460

Senate



Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union	10,532,523	38.91	75	+47
	Senate 2001	6,610,751	24.42	15	–
	Polish People's Party	3,575,388	13.21	4	+1
	Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland	1,158,887	4.28	2	–
	League of Polish Families	1,097,058	4.05	2	New
	Real Politics Union	469,815	1.74	0	0
	Alternative Social Movement	296,407	1.10	0	New
	Polish Economic Union [pl]	146,299	0.54	0	New
	KWW Supporters of Lech Kaczyński	142,461	0.53	1	New
	German Minority Electoral Committee	138,120	0.51	0	0
	Polish Socialist Party	131,987	0.49	0	New
	KWW Henryk Stokłosa [pl]	113,139	0.42	1	0
	Local lists and independents	2,656,284	9.81	0	–5
Total		27,069,119	100.00	100	0

Valid votes		13,072,323	96.46
Invalid/blank votes		479,179	3.54
Total votes		13,551,502	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		29,364,455	46.15
Source: National Electoral Commission^[8]

By constituency

No.	Constituency	Total seats	Seats won
			SLD–UP	BS	PSL	SRP	LPR	Others

1	Legnica	3	3
2	Wałbrzych	2	2
3	Wrocław	3	3
4	Bydgoszcz	2	2
5	Toruń	3	3
6	Lublin	3	2	1
7	Chełm	3	1		1		1
8	Zielona Góra	3	3
9	Łódź	2	2
10	Piotrków Trybunalski	2	1			1
11	Sieradz	3	3
12	Kraków	4	4
13	Nowy Sącz	2		2
14	Tarnów	2	1		1
15	Płock	2	2
16	Radom	2	2
17	Siedlce	3	1		1	1
18	Warsaw	4	2	2
19	Warsaw	2		2
20	Opole	3	2	1
21	Krosno	2	2
22	Rzeszów	3	1	2
23	Białystok	3	2				1
24	Gdańsk	3	1	1				1
25	Gdynia	3	2	1
26	Bielsko-Biała	2	1	1
27	Częstochowa	2	2
28	Gliwice	2	1	1
29	Rybnik	2	2
30	Katowice	3	2	1
31	Sosnowiec	2	2
32	Kielce	3	3
33	Elbląg	2	2
34	Olsztyn	2	2
35	Kalisz	3	3
36	Konin	2	2
37	Piła	2	1					1
38	Poznań	2	1		1
39	Koszalin	2	2
40	Szczecin	2	2
Total		100	75	15	4	2	2	2
Source: National Electoral Commission

References

^ "Wybory do Sejmu: ogólne dane statystyczne". Wybory do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, 23 września 2001. Państwowa Komisja Wyborcza. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "The end of Solidarity". The Economist. 16 August 2001. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
^ "Poland sets up minority government". BBC News. 6 June 2000. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
^ Szczerbiak, Aleks (1 September 2002). "Poland's Unexpected Political Earthquake: The September 2001 Parliamentary Election". Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics. 18 (3): 41–76. doi:10.1080/714003608. S2CID 154677549.
^ Dudek, Antoni (2023). Historia polityczna Polski 1989–2023 [Polish political history 1989-2023] (in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar. ISBN 978-83-67450-66-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Left victorious in Poland". BBC News. 24 September 2001. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
^ ^a ^b "The left is back—in the centre". The Economist. 27 September 2001. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
^ "Wybory do Senatu: wyniki głosowania i wyniki wyborów". pkw.gov.pl (in Polish). National Electoral Commission. 2001.

Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dn. 26 IX 1997 r., Monitor Polski. Nr 109, poz. 1186
Obwieszczenie PKW z dn. 26 IX 2001 r., Dz.U. Nr 109, poz. 1187

[1] "Wybory do Sejmu: ogólne dane statystyczne". Wybory do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, 23 września 2001. Państwowa Komisja Wyborcza. Retrieved 30 May 2012.

[Econ1-2] "The end of Solidarity". The Economist. 16 August 2001. Retrieved 30 May 2012.

[3] "Poland sets up minority government". BBC News. 6 June 2000. Retrieved 30 May 2012.

[4] Szczerbiak, Aleks (1 September 2002). "Poland's Unexpected Political Earthquake: The September 2001 Parliamentary Election". Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics. 18 (3): 41–76. doi:10.1080/714003608. S2CID 154677549.

[Dudek-5] Dudek, Antoni (2023). Historia polityczna Polski 1989–2023 [Polish political history 1989-2023] (in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar. ISBN 978-83-67450-66-9.

[BBC1-6] "Left victorious in Poland". BBC News. 24 September 2001. Retrieved 30 May 2012.

[Economist2-7] "The left is back—in the centre". The Economist. 27 September 2001. Retrieved 30 May 2012.

[8] "Wybory do Senatu: wyniki głosowania i wyniki wyborów". pkw.gov.pl (in Polish). National Electoral Commission. 2001.

[1]