器官晶片

器官晶片（英語：organ-on-a-chip, OOC），是一种多通道3D微流控晶片，以细胞培养，模擬器官或系统的活动、力学和生理反应，也是一种人工器官。 ^[1]^[2] 它是一个重要的生物医学工程的研究主题。芯片上的实验室（LOCs）和细胞生物学的融合允许在特定器官的背景下研究人类生理学，引入体外多细胞人类生物体的新模型。有望在未来改变在药物开发和毒理测试中对动物的需求。

尽管有多份出版物声称已将器官功能转化到这个器官芯片上，但这些应用仍处于起步阶段。芯片上的器官在不同的研究者之间的设计和方法有很多不同。因此，这些系统的验证和优化将是一个漫长的过程。已经被器官芯片模拟的器官包括大脑、肺、心脏、肾、肝、前列腺、血管（动脉）、皮肤、骨骼、软骨等。

单器官芯片

肝芯片

肝脏芯片装置利用微流控技术，通过模仿涉及肝脏功能的复杂肝叶来模拟肝脏系统。^[3] 肝芯片设备提供了一个良好的模型，帮助研究人员以相对较低的成本研究肝脏的功能障碍和发病机制。研究人员使用原代大鼠肝细胞和其他非瓣膜细胞。^[4]^[5] 这种共培养方法被广泛研究，并被证明有利于延长肝细胞的生存时间，支持肝脏特定功能的发挥。许多肝脏芯片系统是由聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）制成的，根据特定的设计和目标，有多个通道和腔室。 PDMS被使用并变得流行，因为它的原材料价格相对较低，而且它也容易被塑造成微流体装置。^[6] 但是PDMS可以吸收重要的信号分子，包括蛋白质和激素。其他更惰性的材料，如聚砜或聚碳酸酯，也被用于肝脏芯片。^[3]

肺芯片

肠道芯片

人类肠道芯片包含两个微通道，被肠道上皮细胞内衬的柔性多孔细胞外基质（ECM）涂层膜所隔开。^[7]^[8] Caco-2细胞是在其母体细胞--人类结肠腺癌--的自发分化下培养的，代表了肠道的保护和吸收特性模型。 [23] 微通道由聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）聚合物制成。通过在主细胞通道双层两侧的真空室中诱导吸力，形成拉伸和放松的循环机械应变，以模仿肠道行为。^[8] 此外，细胞经历自发的绒毛形态发生和分化，这概括了肠道细胞的特征。在三维绒毛支架下，细胞不仅增殖，而且代谢活动也得到加强。肠道中另一个重要角色是微生物，即肠道微生物群。肠道微生物群中的许多微生物物种是严格的厌氧菌。为了将这些不耐氧的厌氧菌与有利于氧的肠道细胞共同培养，设计了一个聚砜制造的肠道芯片。^[9] 该系统维持了结肠上皮细胞、类鹅卵石细胞和细菌Faecalibacterium prausnitzii、Eubacterium rectale和Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron共同培养。^[9]

肾脏芯片

心脏芯片

大脑芯片

前列腺芯片

血管芯片

多器官芯片

参考

^ Moyer MW. Organs-on-a-chip for faster drug development.. Scientific American. March 2011, 304 (3): 19 [2022-07-29]. PMID 21438480. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0311-19a. （原始内容存档于2020-11-12）.
^ 模拟人类器官的芯片，能加速新冠药物的研发吗. 品玩. [2022-07-29]. （原始��容存档于2022-07-29）.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Domansky, Karel; Inman, Walker; Serdy, James; Dash, Ajit; Lim, Matthew H. M.; Griffith, Linda G. Perfused multiwell plate for 3D liver tissue engineering. Lab Chip. 2010, 10 (1). ISSN 1473-0197. PMC 3972823 . PMID 20024050. doi:10.1039/B913221J （英语）.
^ Kane, Bartholomew J.; Zinner, Michael J.; Yarmush, Martin L.; Toner, Mehmet. Liver-Specific Functional Studies in a Microfluidic Array of Primary Mammalian Hepatocytes. Analytical Chemistry. 2006-07-01, 78 (13) [2022-09-10]. ISSN 0003-2700. doi:10.1021/ac051856v. （原始内容存档于2023-02-19）（英语）.
^ Kang, Young Bok (Abraham); Sodunke, Temitope R.; Lamontagne, Jason; Cirillo, Joseph; Rajiv, Caroline; Bouchard, Michael J.; Noh, Moses. Liver sinusoid on a chip: Long‐term layered co‐culture of primary rat hepatocytes and endothelial cells in microfluidic platforms. Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 2015-12, 112 (12) [2022-09-10]. ISSN 0006-3592. doi:10.1002/bit.25659. （原始内容存档于2023-02-19）（英语）.
^ Armani, D.; Liu, C.; Aluru, N. Re-configurable fluid circuits by PDMS elastomer micromachining. Technical Digest. IEEE International MEMS 99 Conference. Twelfth IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (Cat. No.99CH36291). 1999-01 [2022-09-10]. doi:10.1109/MEMSYS.1999.746817. （原始内容存档于2022-10-31）.
^ Sambuy, Y.; De Angelis, I.; Ranaldi, G.; Scarino, M. L.; Stammati, A.; Zucco, F. The Caco-2 cell line as a model of the intestinal barrier: influence of cell and culture-related factors on Caco-2 cell functional characteristics. Cell Biology and Toxicology. 2005-01, 21 (1). ISSN 0742-2091. doi:10.1007/s10565-005-0085-6 （英语）.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Kim, Hyun Jung; Huh, Dongeun; Hamilton, Geraldine; Ingber, Donald E. Human gut-on-a-chip inhabited by microbial flora that experiences intestinal peristalsis-like motions and flow. Lab on a Chip. 2012, 12 (12). ISSN 1473-0197. doi:10.1039/c2lc40074j （英语）.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Zhang, Jianbo; Huang, Yu-Ja; Yoon, Jun Young; Kemmitt, John; Wright, Charles; Schneider, Kirsten; Sphabmixay, Pierre; Hernandez-Gordillo, Victor; Holcomb, Steven J.; Bhushan, Brij; Rohatgi, Gar. Primary Human Colonic Mucosal Barrier Crosstalk with Super Oxygen-Sensitive Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Continuous Culture. Med. 2021-01, 2 (1) [2022-09-10]. PMC 7839961 . PMID 33511375. doi:10.1016/j.medj.2020.07.001. （原始内容存档于2022-06-15）（英语）.

外部链接

UK Organ-on-a-Chip Technologies Network
EU H2020 Project (ORCHID) grant agreement No 766884, Organ-on-Chip in development （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
hDMT （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） human organ and disease model technologies: pre-competitive non-profit, organ-on-chip research consortium, based in the Netherlands, aims for open access dissemination of research and data.

Template:新興技術

[oc01-1] Moyer MW. Organs-on-a-chip for faster drug development.. Scientific American. March 2011, 304 (3): 19 [2022-07-29]. PMID 21438480. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0311-19a. （原始内容存档于2020-11-12）.

[2] 模拟人类器官的芯片，能加速新冠药物的研发吗. 品玩. [2022-07-29]. （原始��容存档于2022-07-29）.

[:0-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Domansky, Karel; Inman, Walker; Serdy, James; Dash, Ajit; Lim, Matthew H. M.; Griffith, Linda G. Perfused multiwell plate for 3D liver tissue engineering. Lab Chip. 2010, 10 (1). ISSN 1473-0197. PMC 3972823 . PMID 20024050. doi:10.1039/B913221J （英语）.

[4] Kane, Bartholomew J.; Zinner, Michael J.; Yarmush, Martin L.; Toner, Mehmet. Liver-Specific Functional Studies in a Microfluidic Array of Primary Mammalian Hepatocytes. Analytical Chemistry. 2006-07-01, 78 (13) [2022-09-10]. ISSN 0003-2700. doi:10.1021/ac051856v. （原始内容存档于2023-02-19）（英语）.

[5] Kang, Young Bok (Abraham); Sodunke, Temitope R.; Lamontagne, Jason; Cirillo, Joseph; Rajiv, Caroline; Bouchard, Michael J.; Noh, Moses. Liver sinusoid on a chip: Long‐term layered co‐culture of primary rat hepatocytes and endothelial cells in microfluidic platforms. Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 2015-12, 112 (12) [2022-09-10]. ISSN 0006-3592. doi:10.1002/bit.25659. （原始内容存档于2023-02-19）（英语）.

[6] Armani, D.; Liu, C.; Aluru, N. Re-configurable fluid circuits by PDMS elastomer micromachining. Technical Digest. IEEE International MEMS 99 Conference. Twelfth IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (Cat. No.99CH36291). 1999-01 [2022-09-10]. doi:10.1109/MEMSYS.1999.746817. （原始内容存档于2022-10-31）.

[7] Sambuy, Y.; De Angelis, I.; Ranaldi, G.; Scarino, M. L.; Stammati, A.; Zucco, F. The Caco-2 cell line as a model of the intestinal barrier: influence of cell and culture-related factors on Caco-2 cell functional characteristics. Cell Biology and Toxicology. 2005-01, 21 (1). ISSN 0742-2091. doi:10.1007/s10565-005-0085-6 （英语）.

[:1-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Kim, Hyun Jung; Huh, Dongeun; Hamilton, Geraldine; Ingber, Donald E. Human gut-on-a-chip inhabited by microbial flora that experiences intestinal peristalsis-like motions and flow. Lab on a Chip. 2012, 12 (12). ISSN 1473-0197. doi:10.1039/c2lc40074j （英语）.

[:2-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Zhang, Jianbo; Huang, Yu-Ja; Yoon, Jun Young; Kemmitt, John; Wright, Charles; Schneider, Kirsten; Sphabmixay, Pierre; Hernandez-Gordillo, Victor; Holcomb, Steven J.; Bhushan, Brij; Rohatgi, Gar. Primary Human Colonic Mucosal Barrier Crosstalk with Super Oxygen-Sensitive Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Continuous Culture. Med. 2021-01, 2 (1) [2022-09-10]. PMC 7839961 . PMID 33511375. doi:10.1016/j.medj.2020.07.001. （原始内容存档于2022-06-15）（英语）.

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