堅持式打獵

堅持式打獵gin1 ci4 sik1 daa2 lip6（英文：persistence hunting）係動物獵食嘅一種方法。

喺自然界入面，會用堅持式打獵呢種策略嘅獵食者通常都係跑得唔快，但係耐力勁、兼且有返咁上下聰明嘅：呢啲獵食者冇能力就噉靠速度嚟捉住佢哋嘅獵物，所以喺打獵嗰陣呢啲獵食者會靠跑一陣行一陣嘅移動模式，跟實喺隻獵物身後唔遠嘅地方；因為呢啲獵食者跑唔快，途中可能會俾隻獵物走甩一陣，但佢哋夠聰明，好快就可以靠跟住隻獵物嘅腳印或者佢留低嘅大便等嘅痕跡嚟追上去－呢點令到隻獵物冇得唞要係噉走佬；於是乎，呢啲獵食者就一路係噉跟住隻獵物，跟成幾個鐘頭咁耐嘅時間；因為呢啲獵食者耐力好，所以最後最先會攰到走唔郁嘅會係隻獵物－而等到隻獵物走唔郁嘅時候，啲獵食者就可以上前去殺死隻冇力反抗嘅獵物。歷史上有好幾種動物都有用過呢種策略打獵，包括咗灰狼、非洲野犬、斑鬣狗、同埋人類呀噉^[1]。

堅持式打獵係人類進化史上好緊要嘅一環。堅持式打獵係人類最早使用嘅打獵技巧之一，而到咗廿一世紀，喺非洲等地都仲有人類用呢種策略打獵^[2]。而且喺會運用堅持式打獵嘅靈長目物種當中，得人類係仲存在喺呢個世界上嘅。事實係，人類嘅身體有好多地方都進化到啱用呢種策略：人類同其他動物比起上嚟好有耐力，而且身體又少毛，令到佢哋身體一熱就可以有效噉靠住流汗嚟降温^[3]；相比之下，有蹄類或者其他哺乳類好多時跑多一二百米已經會開始攰，而且佢哋個身體一熱得滯就要靠唞大氣嚟降温，搞到佢哋一攰就要即刻減速，甚至乎停低^[4]。

人類嘅堅持式打獵

人類進化

堅持式打獵係早期人亞科動物用嘅打獵技巧之一^[5]，而且可能喺仲未發明飛鉈同矛呢啲可以掟嘅武器之前就經已有喺度用緊。人亞科動物喺適應咗用兩隻腳行路之後，佢哋跑起上嚟慢咗啲，搞到佢哋唔可以再靠短時間嘅向前衝刺嚟捉獵食，但係同時佢哋嘅耐力變好咗，變得更加啱使用堅持式打獵嘅策略。另一方面，佢哋嘅體毛變少咗，變得比其他多數嘅哺乳類更加啱使用流汗嚟降温，更加令到堅持式打獵成為一種可行嘅策略^[6]。

現時做法

堅持式打獵呢種策略到咗家陣都仲有人類用緊^[7]。喺非洲南部嘅喀拉哈里沙漠（Kalahari Desert）中部嘅閃族人就係一個例子，英國自然學家 David Attenborough 嘅紀錄片《The Life of Mammals》（粵文：《哺乳類嘅生活》）嘅其中一集《Food For Thought》入面就有影到一個打緊獵嘅閃族人係噉追住隻羚羊，一路追到隻羚羊冇力再走而倒下為止^[8]。呢啲族人喺獵羚羊嗰陣唔會諗住喺遠距離一嘢掟支矛出去殺死隻羚羊，而係用一個好有耐性嘅方法：啱啱開始嗰陣，佢哋會係噉咦追趕隻羚羊一陣，隻羚羊跑得好快，話咁快就走甩咗，但係人類聰明過佢，曉用腳印等嘅痕跡嚟跟蹤佢－所以隻羚羊喺走甩冇幾耐，啱啱揾到地方諗住唞嗰時，啲人類就追返上嚟，於是佢又焗住要再走過；如是者，啲獵人喺好熱（攝氏 40 至 42 度）嘅日頭之下用呢個方法跟住隻羚羊，跟成 2 至 5 個鐘頭咁耐，一路行吓跑吓通過 25 至 35 公里咁遠嘅距離。羚羊嘅耐力比唔上人類－最後尾隻羚羊就冇嗮力走唔郁，啲獵人到咗嗰陣先至上前去近距離噉用支矛殺死佢。堅持式打獵呢種策略甚至仲有人用過喺陸上最快嘅動物獵豹身上：喺 2013 年 11 月嘅一個好熱嘅日頭，喺肯亞東北部嗰度有一班牧羊人運用堅持式打獵嘅方法成功噉殺死咗一隻食咗佢哋幾隻羊嘅獵豹^[9]。除咗噉，亦都有紀錄顯示喺西伯利亞有西人因為唔夠架生用所以用返堅持式打獵嘅策略嚟打獵^[10]。

強硬式打獵

中世紀嘅人類有用過一種叫「Parforce hunting」嘅打獵技巧。「Par force」係法國話入面嘅字，意思係「用武力」或者「強硬」噉解，所以個粵文名直譯係「強硬式打獵」。喺用強硬式打獵嗰陣時，一班獵人會騎住啲動物－好似馬噉－再加埋放自己啲狗出嚟，係噉追趕住佢哋嘅獵物，追到佢哋嘅獵物冇力走唔郁為止。而當獵物走唔郁嗰時，其中一個獵人會行過去用匕首等嘅近距離武器拮死佢，喺成個過程入面啲獵人都冇用到好似弓箭或者槍等嘅長距離武器。呢種打獵技巧多數係嗰時啲歐洲皇室同貴族喺得閒獵鹿嗰陣用嘅，而俾打獵首領委任負責最後拮死隻獵物通常都係一種榮耀^[11]。

睇埋

參考

Bramble, Dennis M.; Lieberman, Daniel E. (2004). "Endurance running and the evolution of Homo". Nature. 432 (7015): 345–52. PMID 15549097. {{cite journal}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |journal= (help)
Chen, Ingfei (May 2006). "Born to Run". Discover.
Liebenberg, Louis (December 2006). "Persistence Hunting by Modern Hunter‐Gatherers". Current Anthropology. 47 (6): 1017–26. doi:10.1086/508695. JSTOR 508695. {{cite journal}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |journal= (help)

攷

↑ Frey, Rodney. "Homo Erectus, Persistent Hunting, and Evolution", 2002.
↑ Liebenberg, Louis (2008). "The relevance of persistence hunting to human evolution". Journal of Human Evolution. 55 (6): 1156–9.
↑ Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut (April 1997). "Temperature Regulation". Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment (5th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 275.
↑ Carrier, David R. (August–October 1984). "The Energetic Paradox of Human Running and Hominid Evolution". Current Anthropology. 25 (4): 483–95.
↑ Geoffrey Franklin Miller, Evolution of the Human Brain (1993).
↑ Edward S. Sears, Running Through the Ages, 2d ed (2015, ISBN 1476620865), page 14.
↑ McDougall, Christopher, Born to Run: A Hidden Tribe, Superathletes, and the Greatest Race the World Has Never Seen, New York, 2009.
↑ "Food For Thought" (PDF). The Life of Mammals. BBCi.
↑ "Kenyans chase down and catch goat-killing cheetahs". BBC News.
↑ Mike Dash (28 January 2013). "For 40 Years, This Russian Family Was Cut Off From All Human Contact, Unaware of World War II". Smithsonian. Smithsonian Institution.
↑ PAR FORCE HUNTING LANDSCAPE

拎

Attenborough, David (2002). "Program 10: Food For Thought" (pdf). Documentary The Life of Mammals. BBC..
"The Barefoot Professor". Nature Publishing Group.
"Russian Family Cut Off for 40 Years from Human Contact". Smithsonian.

[1] Frey, Rodney. "Homo Erectus, Persistent Hunting, and Evolution", 2002.

[2] Liebenberg, Louis (2008). "The relevance of persistence hunting to human evolution". Journal of Human Evolution. 55 (6): 1156–9.

[3] Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut (April 1997). "Temperature Regulation". Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment (5th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 275.

[4] Carrier, David R. (August–October 1984). "The Energetic Paradox of Human Running and Hominid Evolution". Current Anthropology. 25 (4): 483–95.

[5] Geoffrey Franklin Miller, Evolution of the Human Brain (1993).

[6] Edward S. Sears, Running Through the Ages, 2d ed (2015, ISBN 1476620865), page 14.

[7] McDougall, Christopher, Born to Run: A Hidden Tribe, Superathletes, and the Greatest Race the World Has Never Seen, New York, 2009.

[8] "Food For Thought" (PDF). The Life of Mammals. BBCi.

[9] "Kenyans chase down and catch goat-killing cheetahs". BBC News.

[10] Mike Dash (28 January 2013). "For 40 Years, This Russian Family Was Cut Off From All Human Contact, Unaware of World War II". Smithsonian. Smithsonian Institution.

[11] PAR FORCE HUNTING LANDSCAPE

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