Bakhshi (Mughal Empire)

The Bakhshi (lit. 'Giver') in the Mughal Empire denoted a number of hierarchical government officials, typically involved with military administration and intelligence. The offices were introduced during the reign of Mughal emperor Akbar. Bakhshis were found in both the central and provincial administration; the most notable kind of bakhshi was the mir bakhshi, one of the empire's four ministers, broadly in charge of administering the mansabdari system (and the military therein). The mir bakhshi was the second-highest official in the Mughal Empire, after the imperial wazir.

Etymology

The term bakhshi means 'giver', deriving from the verb bakhshidan (Persian: ^[1]بخشيدن, lit. 'to bestow'). In the view of historian William Irvine, the term refers to the bakhshi's function of offering recruitment into the army.^[2]

Central administration

Mir Bakhshi

The mir bakhshi was the chief bakhshi of the Mughal Empire, and worked in the central administration. The position was also referred to as bakhshi-ul-mamalik or bakhshi-i-mamalik. Scholars have translated the office in English as 'paymaster general' or 'army minister'.^[2]^[3]^[4] The position has its roots at latest in the Delhi Sultanate, during the 13th-century reign of Balban, who created the office of diwan-i-arz in order to have a separated military administration; this was to act as a check against the vizier.^[5]^[6] The Mughal emperor Akbar constituted an office with a similar goal of having a separate military administrator, but in contrast ensured that this official would not actually command the military (that was reserved for the emperor himself). Rather, the mir bakhshi was made responsible for the management of the mansabdari system, which constituted the bulk of the military.^[5]^[3]^[4] Unlike the Sultanate-era office, the mir bakhshi's influence extended beyond the military, since every noble of the Mughal empire was a mansabdar.^[6] The Ain-i-Akbari contains references to an office termed mir-arz, which William Irvine considered to be the immediate prototype for the position of mir bakhshi.^[2]

Portrait of Shaikh Farid Bukhari, a mir bakhshi of Akbar's reign

Portrait of Zulfiqar Khan, mir bakhshi during the reigns of Aurangzeb and Bahadur Shah I

As the chief military administrator of the Mughal Empire, the mir bakhshi was one of the empire's four top ministers, and the second-highest official in the empire after the wazir.^[7]^[5] The chief responsibilities of the mir bakhshi were in the management of mansabdars; to recruit them, recommend a suitable rank to assign them, regularly inspect their military units, and determine their payment (either in the form of cash or jagirs). Candidates for appointment or promotion were presented by the mir bakhshi to the emperor, in open court. The mir bakhshi's seal endorsed the candidate's new position.^[4]^[3] The mir bakhshi occasionally participated in the field as commanders.^[7]

The mir bakhshi occupied a close position to the emperor. They stood by the emperor in court, and accompanied him on royal expeditions. They presented officials of the state, and visiting ambassadors, to the emperor. Another important function of the mir bakhshi was the centralisation of intelligence - they collated information reported by the waqia-navis (news writers, posted in every province) and presented it to the emperor.^[4]^[6] The mir bakhshi of the Mughal Empire frequently bore the title of Amir al-umara.^[2]

The roles of the mir bakhshi acted as checks and support for the wazir of the Mughal Empire, alongside whom the mir bakhshi served as one of the empire's leading officials.^[6]

Second and Third Bakhshi

The mir bakhshi was assisted in the central administration by two lesser bakhshis, known as the second and third bakhshis. These officials performed similar tasks to the mir bakhshi, but dealt with lesser mansabdars and troops of the royal household.^[4]^[2]

Provincial and noble administration

The administrative positions of the Mughal central government were mirrored at the provincial level.^[8] Each subah (province) had its own bakhshi (a practice introduced by Akbar) who reported to the mir bakhshi at the capital, rather than the subahdar (governor) of the province. Similar to their imperial counterparts, the provincial bakhshi was charged with the management and payment of the province's military. The provincial bakhshi often simultaneously served the function of the province's waqia-navis (news writer), and reported on all provincial mansabdars, including its senior officials (such as the subahdar or diwan).The role of provincial bakhshi could face tension from the subahdar or diwan, since the bakhshi's activities kept these officials accountable to the imperial centre.^[4]^[9] In practice, the role of the provincial bakhshi was sometimes combined with that of the subahdar and/or the diwan.^[7]

Significant nobles of the empire also had their own bakhshis, who performed functions similar to those at the imperial level.^[2]

References

^ Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892). "baḵẖsh��dan". A Comprehensive Persian-English dictionary, including the Arabic words and phrases to be met with in Persian literature. London: Routledge & K. Paul. p. 160.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Irvine, William (1896). "The Army of the Indian Moghuls: Its Organization and Administration". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 539–542. ISSN 0035-869X. JSTOR 25207795.
^ ^a ^b ^c Richards, John F. (2010). The Mughal empire. The new Cambridge history of India / general ed. Gordon Johnson 1, The Mughals and their contemporaries (Transferred to digital print ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Lefèvre, Corinne (2014), "Bakhshī (Mughal)", Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_25229
^ ^a ^b ^c Gladden, E.N. (23 May 2019). A History of Public Administration Volume II: From the Eleventh Century to the Present Day. Routledge. pp. 234–236. ISBN 978-0-429-42321-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: from Sultanat to the Mughals - Part II (Revised ed.). New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c Streusand, Douglas E. (2011). Islamic gunpowder empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press. pp. 265 & 269. ISBN 978-0-8133-1359-7. OCLC 191926598.
^ Conermann, Stephan (2015-08-04), "Mughal Empire", Encyclopedia of Early Modern History Online, Brill, doi:10.1163/2352-0272_emho_com_024206, retrieved 2022-03-28
^ Abidin, Farah (2014). Suba of Kabul Under the Mughals: 1585-1739. Patridge Publishing India. p. 76. ISBN 9781482839388.

[1] Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892). "baḵẖsh��dan". A Comprehensive Persian-English dictionary, including the Arabic words and phrases to be met with in Persian literature. London: Routledge & K. Paul. p. 160.

[:0-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Irvine, William (1896). "The Army of the Indian Moghuls: Its Organization and Administration". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 539–542. ISSN 0035-869X. JSTOR 25207795.

[:1-3] Richards, John F. (2010). The Mughal empire. The new Cambridge history of India / general ed. Gordon Johnson 1, The Mughals and their contemporaries (Transferred to digital print ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.

[:2-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Lefèvre, Corinne (2014), "Bakhshī (Mughal)", Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_25229

[:4-5] Gladden, E.N. (23 May 2019). A History of Public Administration Volume II: From the Eleventh Century to the Present Day. Routledge. pp. 234–236. ISBN 978-0-429-42321-5.

[:6-6] Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: from Sultanat to the Mughals - Part II (Revised ed.). New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5.

[:5-7] Streusand, Douglas E. (2011). Islamic gunpowder empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press. pp. 265 & 269. ISBN 978-0-8133-1359-7. OCLC 191926598.

[:3-8] Conermann, Stephan (2015-08-04), "Mughal Empire", Encyclopedia of Early Modern History Online, Brill, doi:10.1163/2352-0272_emho_com_024206, retrieved 2022-03-28

[9] Abidin, Farah (2014). Suba of Kabul Under the Mughals: 1585-1739. Patridge Publishing India. p. 76. ISBN 9781482839388.

[1]