Thomas Albert Sebeok (1920–2001)

The Sign of the Three is not for the general reader. Only four stars, for some redundancy and some technical writing not of general interest. It is a series of essays regarding in large measure the formation of hypotheses; informed guesses leading to useful explanations. Dupin was Edgar Allen Poe's amateur detective who set the template for the Sherlock Holmes style of crime detection. Charles Sanders Peirce [sic], perhaps our best American philosopher, parsed methods of scientific investigation and general acquisition of knowledge, among much else.

Peirce realized that the formation of useful hypotheses, the fuel of scientific discovery and explanation in general, is neither formal induction nor deduction but rather what he termed abduction: informed and testable guesses. And whereas induction and deduction are subject to mathematically exact rules of formal logic, no formal rule can comprise useful abduction.

Finding and testing a provisional hypothesis does require the engines of induction and deduction: working out natural consequences implied or deducible from a hypothesis to discover whether those consequences comport with facts. If not, then the hypothesis is in error.

Arthur Conan Doyle let Holmes call his methods variously induction and deduction, but they were rather choosing from multiple hypotheses by eliminating the wrong ones by testing their various consequences. Poe called this ratiocination in the case of Dupin. Holmes's capacities appeared astonishing to Dr. Watson because Watson did not entertain the wealth of Holmes's hypotheses so as to recognize the significance of certain evident facts, nor the chain of their ramifications and of Holmes's testing of them, only to be revealed later. Of course, Holmes benefitted also from a personal fund of forensic facts, like the sources of all kinds of tobaccos, ability to recognize most perfumes, and where different types of dirt were found in London.

The Sherlock Holmes stories are a delight and a fast read. I read one in college and could not resist reading all the rest one weekend.

Peirce is a fine thinker and writer. Wikisource carries a free set of his quite readable and wryly humorous essays along the above lines at:
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_12/January_1878/Il... .… (more)

Whether Holmes’ methods would be deductive or abductive is subject to some question.
Abduction, which Peirce sometimes called retroduction or hypothesis concerns the principles of discovery, or development of theories, rather than justification. [See “Abduction,” THE
CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY OF PHILOSOPHY 1 (Robert M. Audi, ed., 1995).] For arguments that his
methods would be abductive, see, e.g., Thomas A. Sebeok & Jeam Umiker-Sebeok, “You Know
My Method”; A Juxtaposition of Charles S. Peirce and Sherlock Holmes¸ in DUPIN, HOLMES &
PEIRCE: THE SIGN OF THREE 11 (Umberto Eco & Thomas A Sebeok, eds., 1988); Umberto Eco,
Horns, Hooves, Insteps: Some Hypotheses on Three Types of Abduction, in DUPIN, HOLMES &
PEIRCE: THE SIGN OF THREE, supra, at 198. Arguing that it would be deductive, see, e.g., Jaakko
Hintikka & Merrill B. Hintikka, Sherlock Holmes Confronts Modern Logic: Toward a Theory of
Information-Seeking Through Questioning, in DUPIN, HOLMES & PEIRCE: THE SIGN OF THREE, supra, at 154.
from International Commentary on Evidence, vol 4, issue 2, article 2, 2006. Foreword: Perspectives on Arthur Conan Doyle and Evidence.… (more)