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Timeline of Jainism

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Jainism
Philosophy
Ethics
Ethics of Jainism
Mahavratas (major vows)
Anuvratas (further vows)
Jain prayers
Major figures
Major sects
Schools and Branches
Jain literature
Festivals
Pilgrimages
Tirth
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Jainism is an ancient Indian religion belonging to the śramaṇa tradition. It prescribes ahimsa (non-violence) towards all living beings to the greatest possible extent. The three main teachings of Jainism are ahimsa, anekantavada (non-absolutism), aparigraha (non-possessiveness). Followers of Jainism take five main vows: ahimsa, satya (not lying), asteya (non stealing), brahmacharya (chastity), and aparigraha. Monks follow them completely whereas śrāvakas (householders) observe them partially. Self-discipline and asceticism are thus major focuses of Jainism.

Before Common Era (BCE)

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  • 584,979–574,979 BCE: Naminatha, 21st Tirthankara[1][2]
  • Neminatha, 22nd Tirthankara: According to Jain beliefs, he lived 84,650 years before the 23rd Tirthankara, Parshvanatha.[3] He existed in the Mahabharata era and was the cousin brother of Krishna.[4]
  • 877–777 BCE: Parshvanatha, 23rd Tirthankar of Jainism. He is the earliest Jain tirthankara who can be reliably dated.[5][6][7][8]
  • 9th-8th century BCE Avakinnayo Karakandu or 'Karakanda' was a powerful Jain monarch of Kalinga.[9]
  • 599–527 BCE: Mahavira, 24th and last Tirthankar of this era.[10]
  • d. 507 BCE: Ganadhar Sudharma Swami
  • d. 470 BCE:establishment of the Śrīmali and Porvāl clans by Swayambrabhasuri of Upkesa Gaccha's.[11]
  • 5th century BCE:Establishment of the Oswāl clan by Ratnabrabhasuri of Upkesa Gaccha of Śvetāmbara Jains.[11]
  • d. 443 BCE: Barli Jain inscriptions. [12] [13][14][15]
  • d. 357 BCE: Acharya Bhadrabahu
  • d. 270 BCE: The tamil brahmi inscriptions mentions that workers of Neṭuñceḻiyaṉ I, a Pandyan king of Sangam period, (c. 270 BCE) made stone beds for Jain monks. inscription shows that Kaṭalaṉ Vaḻuti, a worker of Neṭuñceḻiyaṉ, made a stone bed for the Jain monk Nanta-siri Kuvaṉ.[16]
  • 3rd century BCE:Lohanipur torso a damaged statue of Jaina Tirthankara Rishabhdev.[17]
  • 3rd century BCE:The inscriptions at Vaddamanu indicates Vaddamanu as a Jain center during the 3rd century BCE.[18]
  • 2nd century BCE:Sithanavassal a 2nd-century BCE Tamil Jain cave complex.[19]
  • d. 162 BCE: Hathigumpha inscription mentions the Namokar Mantra and Jain monarch Kharvela.[20][21][22]
  • 2nd century BCE: Namokar Mantra epigraphically attested in Maharashtra. Pale cave is one of the oldest Jain cave in Maharashtra, which is believed to be from 200 BCE. Here the Namokar Mantra is written in Brahmi script.
  • 2nd century BCE: Thiruparankundram hill in Tamil Nadu is home to ancient Jain beds with Tamil Brahmi Jain inscriptions dated to 2nd century BCE. [23]
  • 2nd-1st Century BCE:Samanar Malai has several very old Tamil-Brahmi Jain cave inscriptions, likely the early centuries of the common era.[24]

Common Era (CE)

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Sculpture depicting Acharya Kundkund

Middle Ages

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British India

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Post-Partition

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  • 1970s: significant presence of Jainism in the United States
  • 1972: Aacharya Shri Vidyasagar Maharaj elevated to the Acharya status.
  • 1975: Acharya Sushil Kumar (Jain monk) ji travels to USA. The first Jain muni to travel by air out of the Indian subcontinent.
  • 1975: Monolithic statue of Bahubali is installed at Dharmasthala, Karnataka, India under the auspices of D. Rathnavarma Heggade and Mathrushree D. Rathnamma Heggade, members of Dharmasthala's Jaina lineage who also manage the local Shivaite temple. Carving work began in 1966 under the sculptor Rejala Gopalkrishna Shenoy of Karkala.
  • 1976: In Arya Samaj Education Trust, Delhi & Others v. The Director of Education, Delhi Administration, Delhi & Others (AIR 1976 Delhi 207), the Court referred to Heinrich Zimmer's Philosophies of India describing Jainism as "a heterodox Indian religion" and J. N. Farquhar's Modern Religious Movements in India describing Jainism as "a rival of Hinduism."
  • 1981: First Jain convention in Los Angeles
  • 1983: Formal organization of JAINA (Jain Associations in North America)
  • 1990: Temple Pratishtha, The Jain Sangh Cherry Hill, New Jersey
  • 1990: Temple Pratishtha, Jain Society of Metropolitan Washington
  • 1991: Founding of Siddhachalam, the Jain tirtha
  • 1991: Death of Jain Acharya Shri Ramchandra Surishwarji
  • 1993: Temple Pratishtha, Jain Society of Metropolitan Chicago
  • 1995: Temple Pratishtha, Jain Center of Cincinnati and Dayton
  • 1998: Temple Pratishtha, Jain Society of Greater Detroit
  • 2000: Temple Pratishtha, Jain Center of Northern California (JCNC)
  • 2000: Jain Vishwa Bharati Orlando
  • 2005: the Supreme Court of India declined to grant Jains the status of a religious minority throughout India, leaving it to the respective states to decide on the minority status of Jainis.
  • 2006: the Supreme Court opined that "Jain Religion is indisputably not a part of the Hindu religion" (Para 25, Committee of Management Kanya Junior High School Bal Vidya Mandir, Etah, U.P. v. Sachiv, U.P. Basic Shiksha Parishad, Allahabad, U.P. and Ors., Per Dalveer Bhandari J., Civil Appeal No. 9595 of 2003, decided On: 21.08.2006, Supreme Court of India.)
  • 2008: Delhi city government declares Jain community a minority per the Supreme Court Orders.
  • 2014: Jain community is designated a minority at the national level.[26][27]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ "NamiNatha Bhagwan". jainmuseum.com.
  2. ^ "About Tonks Of 24 Jain Tirthankaras On Parasnath Hills Information-Topchanchi". hoparoundindia.com.
  3. ^ Zimmer 1953, p. 226.
  4. ^ Jinasena, Acharya; Jain (Sahityacharya), Dr. Pannalal (2008). Harivamsapurana [Harivamsapurana]. Bhartiya Jnanpith (18, Institutional Area, Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110003). ISBN 978-81-263-1548-2.
  5. ^ Fisher, Mary Pat (1997). Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths. London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-148-2. p. 115
  6. ^ "Parshvanatha". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2007.
  7. ^ Bowker, John (2000). "The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions". Parsva. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280094-7. Retrieved 22 October 2007.
  8. ^ Deo, Shantaram Bhalchandra (1956). History of Jaina monachism from inscriptions and literature. Poona [Pune, India]: Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute. pp. 59–60.
  9. ^ Wendy Doniger (23 February 1993). Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts. SUNY Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-7914-1382-1.
  10. ^ "Mahavira." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2006. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/mahavira
  11. ^ a b Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research, Vol-19, Issue no.-January–December.
  12. ^ Hubbard 1807, p. 310.
  13. ^ Goyal 2005, p. 22.
  14. ^ Jain 1972, p. 152.
  15. ^ {{Cite book|last=Institute|first
  16. ^ "மாங்குளம் தமிழ்க் கல்வெட்டுக்கள்" (in Tamil). Tamil Virtual University. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  17. ^ Shah 1995, p. 15.
  18. ^ Vyas 1995, pp. 31–32.
  19. ^ Lālavānī, Gaṇeśa (1991). Jainthology: an anthology of articles selected from the Jain journal of last 25 years. Jain Bhawan. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  20. ^ Rapson, "Catalogue of the Indian coins of the British Museum. Andhras etc...", p XVII.
  21. ^ Full text of the Hathigumpha Inscription in English Archived 17 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Cort 2009, p. 39-41.
  23. ^ D. Devakunjari (1957), Madurai through the ages, Editor: R. Nagaswamy, Society for Archaeological Historical and Epigraphical Research, University of Madras Press, pp. 312–316
  24. ^ T. S. Subramanian (24 March 2012). "2,200-year-old Tamil-Brahmi inscription found on Samanamalai". The Hindu. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  25. ^ a b Kerkar & TNN 2014.
  26. ^ "Gazette of India notification 27th January 2014" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  27. ^ "Inclusion of Jains as a minority community under Section 2(c) of the National Commission for Minorities (NCM) Act, 1992". 18 March 2022. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.

References

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