1960 in spaceflight (January–June)
This is a list of spaceflights launched between January and June 1960. For launches between July and December, see 1960 in spaceflight (July–December). For an overview of the whole year, see 1960 in spaceflight.
Orbital launches
[edit]| Date and time (UTC) | Rocket | Flight number | Launch site | LSP | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Payload (⚀ = CubeSat) |
Operator | Orbit | Function | Decay (UTC) | Outcome | |||
| Remarks | ||||||||
February[edit] | ||||||||
| 4 February 18:51:45 |
 Thor DM-18 Agena-A
|
Vandenberg LC 75-3-4
|
US Air Force
| |||||
| Discoverer 9 (KH-1 6/9006)
|
CIA DST | Intended: Low Earth (Polar) | Optical imaging | 4 February | Launch failure | |||
| SRV 113
|
CIA DST | Intended: Low Earth (Polar) | Film return | |||||
| Failed to reach orbit after premature cutoff of first stage. It Carried TOD-1 Navigation Payload. | ||||||||
| 19 February 20:15:14 |
Thor DM-18 Agena-A
|
Vandenberg LC 75-3-5
|
US Air Force
| |||||
| Discoverer 10 (KH-1 7/9007)
|
CIA DST | Intended: Low Earth (Polar) | Optical imaging | 19 February | Launch failure | |||
| SRV 110
|
CIA DST | Intended: Low Earth (Polar) | Film return | |||||
| Destroyed by range safety during ascent to orbit. It Carried TOD-2 Navigation Payload. | ||||||||
| 26 February 17:25 |
Atlas LV-3A Agena-A
|
Cape Canaveral LC-14
|
US Air Force
| |||||
| MIDAS-1
|
US Air Force | Intended: Low Earth | Missile defence | 26 February | Launch failure | |||
| Maiden flight of Atlas-Agena, upper stage failed to separate. | ||||||||
March[edit] | ||||||||
| 11 March 13:00 |
Thor DM-18 Able-IV
|
Cape Canaveral LC-17A
|
US Air Force
| |||||
| Pioneer 5
|
NASA | Heliocentric | Scientific | In orbit | Successful | |||
| Only flight of Thor-Able IV. | ||||||||
| 23 March 13:35:11 |
Juno II
|
AM-19C | Cape Canaveral LC-26B
|
ABMA
| ||||
| S-46
|
NASA | Intended: Highly elliptical | Radiation research | 23 March | Launch failure | |||
| Third stage failed to ignite. | ||||||||
April[edit] | ||||||||
| 1 April 11:40:09 |
Thor DM-18 Able-II
|
Cape Canaveral LC-17A
|
US Air Force
| |||||
| TIROS-1 (Tiros-A)
|
NASA/NOAA | Low Earth | Weather | In orbit | Partial spacecraft failure | |||
| Final flight of Thor-Able. Spacecraft ceased operations due to electrical system malfunction fifteen days short of planned end of mission. | ||||||||
| 13 April 12:02:36 |
Thor DM-21 Ablestar
|
Cape Canaveral LC-17A
|
US Air Force
| |||||
| Transit 1B
|
US Navy | Low Earth | Navigation Technology |
5 October 1967 | Successful | |||
| Solrad prototype
|
US Navy | Low Earth | Technology | 17 July | Successful | |||
| Maiden flight of Thor-Ablestar, first restart of an upper stage. | ||||||||
| 15 April 15:06:45 |
 Luna (8K72)
|
L1-9/I-19AMS | Baikonur Site 1/5
|
RVSN
| ||||
| Luna E-3 №1
|
RVSN | Intended: Heliocentric | Lunar probe | 15 April | Launch failure | |||
| Second stage engine malfunctioned. | ||||||||
| 15 April 20:30:37 |
Thor DM-18 Agena-A
|
Vandenberg LC-75-3-5
|
US Air Force
| |||||
| Discoverer 11 (KH-1 8/9008)
|
CIA DST | Low Earth (Polar) | Optical imaging | 26 April | Spacecraft failure | |||
| SRV 103
|
CIA DST | Low Earth (Polar) | Film return | |||||
| Spacecraft attitude control system malfunctioned, image recovery not attempted. It Carried TOD-3 Navigation Payload. | ||||||||
| 16 April 16:07:41 |
Luna (8K72)
|
L1-9A | Baikonur Site 1/5
|
RVSN
| ||||
| Luna E-3 №2
|
RVSN | Intended: Heliocentric | Lunar probe | 16 April | Launch failure | |||
| Blok-B booster separated less than a second after launch. | ||||||||
May[edit] | ||||||||
| 13 May 09:16:05 |
Thor DM-19 Delta
|
D001 | Cape Canaveral LC-17A
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| Echo 1
|
NASA | Intended: Medium Earth | Communication Technology |
13 May | Launch failure | |||
| Maiden flight of Thor-Delta, upper stage attitude control system malfunctioned, failed to reach orbit. | ||||||||
| 15 May 00:00:05 |
Vostok-L (8K72)
|
L1-11 | Baikonur Site 1/5
|
RVSN
| ||||
| Korabl-Sputnik 1 (Sputnik 4/Vostok-1KP №1)
|
RVSN | Low Earth | Test flight | 15 October 1965 | Partial spacecraft failure | |||
| Deorbit burn boosted spacecraft into higher orbit due to incorrect orientation. | ||||||||
| 24 May 17:36:46 |
Atlas LV-3A Agena-A
|
Cape Canaveral LC-14
|
US Air Force
| |||||
| MIDAS-2
|
US Air Force | Low Earth | Missile defence | 7 February 1974 | Successful | |||
June[edit] | ||||||||
| 22 June 05:54 |
Thor DM-21 Ablestar
|
Cape Canaveral LC-17B
|
US Air Force
| |||||
| Transit 2A
|
US Navy | Low Earth | Navigation Technology |
In orbit | Successful | |||
| SOLRAD 1 (GRAB-1)
|
US Navy/NRL | Low Earth | Radiation research ELINT |
In orbit | Successful | |||
| 29 June 22:00:44 |
Thor DM-18 Agena-A
|
Vandenberg LC-75-3-4
|
US Air Force
| |||||
| Discoverer 12 (KH-1 prototype)
|
CIA DST | Intended: Low Earth (Polar) | Technology | 29 June | Launch failure | |||
| SRV (GRD)
|
CIA DST | Intended: Low Earth (Polar) | Technology | |||||
| Failed to reach orbit. | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
For flights after 30 June, see 1960 in spaceflight (July–December)
| ||||||||
Suborbital launches
[edit]| Date and time (UTC) | Rocket | Flight number | Launch site | LSP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Payload (⚀ = CubeSat) |
Operator | Orbit | Function | Decay (UTC) | Outcome | ||
| Remarks | |||||||
January[edit] | |||||||
| 7 January[1] 01:40 |
SM-65D Atlas
|
Cape Canaveral LC-13
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 7 January | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi) | |||||||
| 8 January[2] | UGM-27 Polaris A1
|
Cape Canaveral LC-29A
|
US Navy
| ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 8 January | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi) | |||||||
| 13 January[3] 21:07 |
UGM-27 Polaris A1
|
Cape Canaveral LC-29A
|
US Navy
| ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 13 January | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi) | |||||||
| 14 January[4] 16:35 |
PGM-17 Thor DM-18C
|
Cape Canaveral LC-18B
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 14 January | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 520 kilometres (320 mi) | |||||||
| 14 January[5] | Aerobee-300
|
Eglin
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| Tattletale PCC-1
|
NSA | Suborbital | SIGNIT Technology |
14 January | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 15 January 04:52[6] |
Javelin
|
Wallops Island[6]
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| NRL | Suborbital | Test flight | 15 January | Successful[6] | |||
| Apogee: 670 miles (1,080 km)[6] | |||||||
| 16 January[7] 22:35 |
Shotput[7]
|
Wallops Island[7]
|
NASA
| ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Technology | 16 January | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 413 kilometres (257 mi), test of systems for Echo satellites | |||||||
| 18 January | R-12 Dvina
|
Kapustin Yar
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 18 January | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 402 kilometres (250 mi) | |||||||
| 19 January 18:18 |
Aerobee-150 (Hi)[8]
|
White Sands[8] LC-35
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Solar research[8] | 19 January | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 210 kilometres (130 mi) | |||||||
| 20 January[9] 16:35 |
R-7A Semyorka
|
Baikonur Site 1/5
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 20 January | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) | |||||||
| 20 January[10] | UGM-27 Polaris A1
|
Cape Canaveral LC-29A
|
US Navy[10]
| ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test[10] | 20 January | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi) | |||||||
| 21 January 20:10 (GMT)[11] |
PGM-17 Thor DM-18A
|
Vandenberg[11] LC-75-1-2
|
 Royal Air Force[11]
| ||||
| Royal Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 21 January | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 520 kilometres (320 mi) | |||||||
| 24 January 16:15 |
R-7A Semyorka
|
Baikonur Site 1/5
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 24 January | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 20 kilometres (12 mi) | |||||||
| 26 January 00:48 |
PGM-19 Jupiter
|
Cape Canaveral LC-26B
|
ABMA
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 26 January | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi) | |||||||
| 26 January 05:42 |
Javelin
|
Wallops Island
|
NASA
| ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Test flight | 26 January | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 951 kilometres (591 mi) | |||||||
| 26 January 23:43:05 |
SM-65D Atlas
|
Vandenberg LC-576A-3
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 26 January | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi) | |||||||
| 27 January 01:31 |
SM-65D Atlas
|
Cape Canaveral LC-13
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 27 January | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi) | |||||||
| 27 January | UGM-27 Polaris A1
|
Cape Canaveral LC-29A
|
US Navy
| ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 27 January | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi) | |||||||
| 29 January 18:51 |
Aerobee-150 (Hi)
|
White Sands LC-35
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Solar | 29 January | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 226 kilometres (140 mi) | |||||||
| 29 January | R-12 Dvina
|
Kapustin Yar
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 29 January | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 402 kilometres (250 mi) | |||||||
| 31 January 16:17 |
R-7A Semyorka
|
Baikonur Site 1/5
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 31 January | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) | |||||||
| January | Nike-Cajun
|
White Sands
|
US Army
| ||||
| US Army | Suborbital | Aeronomy | January | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
February[edit] | |||||||
| 2 February 18:08 |
HGM-30A Titan I
|
Cape Canaveral LC-19
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 2 February | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) | |||||||
| 4 February 22:19 |
UGM-27 Polaris A1
|
Cape Canaveral LC-29A
|
US Navy
| ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 4 February | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi) | |||||||
| 5 February 00:19 |
PGM-19 Jupiter
|
Cape Canaveral LC-6
|
ABMA
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 5 February | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi) | |||||||
| 5 February 21:46 |
HGM-30A Titan I
|
Cape Canaveral LC-16
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | RV test | 5 February | Launch failure | |||
| 10 February | UGM-27 Polaris A1
|
Cape Canaveral LC-29A
|
US Navy
| ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 10 February | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi) | |||||||
| 12 February 04:11 |
SM-65D Atlas
|
Cape Canaveral LC-13
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 12 February | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi) | |||||||
| 13 February 00:43 |
Aerobee AJ10-34
|
White Sands LC-35
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 13 February | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 143 kilometres (89 mi) | |||||||
| 13 February | R-12 Dvina
|
Kapustin Yar
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 13 February | Launch failure | |||
| 16 February 20:48 |
Aerobee-150 (Hi)
|
Wallops Island
|
NASA
| ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Test flight | 16 February | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) | |||||||
| 16 February | Aerobee-300
|
Eglin
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| Tattletale PCC-2
|
NSA | Suborbital | SIGNIT Technology |
16 February | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 17 February 01:00 |
Nike-Cajun
|
Eglin
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Meteoroid research | 17 February | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 120 kilometres (75 mi) | |||||||
| 19 February 17:11 |
PGM-17 Thor DM-18C
|
Cape Canaveral LC-18B
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 19 February | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 520 kilometres (320 mi) | |||||||
| 19 February 17:18 |
Exos
|
Eglin
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| UMI | Suborbital | Cosmic ray research | 19 February | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 37 kilometres (23 mi) | |||||||
| 23 February |  Véronique
|
Hammaguira Blandine
|
CASDN
| ||||
| CNRS | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 23 February | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 50 kilometres (31 mi) | |||||||
| 24 February | HGM-30A Titan I
|
Cape Canaveral LC-15
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | RV test | 24 February | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) | |||||||
| 25 February 18:02 |
MGM-31 Pershing I
|
Cape Canaveral LC-30A
|
US Army
| ||||
| US Army | Suborbital | Missile test | 25 February | Successful | |||
| Maiden flight of Pershing, apogee: 250 kilometres (160 mi) | |||||||
| 26 February | UGM-27 Polaris A1
|
Cape Canaveral LC-29A
|
US Navy
| ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 26 February | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) | |||||||
| 27 February 06:53 |
Aerobee-150 (Hi)
|
 Churchill
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| JHU | Suborbital | Auroral | 27 February | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 117 kilometres (73 mi) | |||||||
| 27 February 23:20 |
Shotput
|
Wallops Island
|
NASA
| ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Technology | 27 February | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 400 kilometres (250 mi), test of systems for Echo satellites | |||||||
| 29 February | PGM-17 Thor DM-18C
|
Cape Canaveral LC-18B
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 29 February | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 520 kilometres (320 mi) | |||||||
March[edit] | |||||||
| 1 March 22:11 |
Nike-Asp
|
Wallops Island
|
NASA
| ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Solar | 1 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 212 kilometres (132 mi) | |||||||
| 2 March 18:32 |
Véronique
|
Hammaguira Blandine
|
CASDN
| ||||
| CNRS | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 2 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 188 kilometres (117 mi) | |||||||
| 2 March 20:06 |
PGM-17 Thor DM-18A
|
Vandenberg LC-75-2-8
|
Royal Air Force
| ||||
| Royal Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 2 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 520 kilometres (320 mi) | |||||||
| 3 March 22:50 |
Nike-Asp
|
Wallops Island
|
NASA
| ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Solar | 3 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 212 kilometres (132 mi) | |||||||
| 5 March | Véronique
|
Hammaguira Blandine
|
CASDN
| ||||
| CNRS | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 5 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 187 kilometres (116 mi) | |||||||
| 8 March 13:10 |
SM-65D Atlas
|
Cape Canaveral LC-11
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 8 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi), first use of inertial guidance[12] | |||||||
| 8 March 18:00 |
HGM-30A Titan I
|
Cape Canaveral LC-16
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | RV test | 8 March | Launch failure | |||
| Second stage malfunction | |||||||
| 9 March | UGM-27 Polaris A1
|
Cape Canaveral LC-25A
|
US Navy
| ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 9 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi) | |||||||
| 11 March 00:36 |
SM-65D Atlas
|
Cape Canaveral LC-13
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 11 March | Launch failure | |||
| 16 March 21:25 |
Aerobee-300
|
Churchill
|
NASA
| ||||
| UMI | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 16 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 337 kilometres (209 mi) | |||||||
| 16 March | Aerobee-300
|
Eglin
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| Tattletale PCC-3
|
NSA | Suborbital | SIGNIT Technology |
16 March | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 17 March 01:52 |
Nike-Asp
|
Churchill
|
NASA
| ||||
| UMI | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 17 March | Launch failure | |||
| 17 March 23:55 |
R-7A Semyorka
|
Baikonur Site 1/5
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 18 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,350 kilometres (840 mi) | |||||||
| 18 March | UGM-27 Polaris A1
|
Cape Canaveral LC-25B
|
US Navy
| ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 18 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi) | |||||||
| 20 March | R-12 Dvina
|
Kapustin Yar
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 20 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 402 kilometres (250 mi) | |||||||
| 22 March | HGM-30A Titan I
|
Cape Canaveral LC-15
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | RV test | 22 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) | |||||||
| 22 March | Astrobee-500
|
Eglin
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Test flight | 22 March | Launch failure | |||
| 24 March 02:06 |
R-7A Semyorka
|
Baikonur Site 1/5
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 24 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,350 kilometres (840 mi) | |||||||
| 24 March | R-12 Dvina
|
Kapustin Yar
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 24 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 402 kilometres (250 mi) | |||||||
| 25 March 18:40 |
Aerobee-150A
|
Wallops Island
|
NASA
| ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Test flight | 25 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 212 kilometres (132 mi) | |||||||
| 25 March | R-12 Dvina
|
Kapustin Yar
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 25 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 402 kilometres (250 mi) | |||||||
| 25 March | UGM-27 Polaris A1
|
Cape Canaveral LC-25B
|
US Navy
| ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 25 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi) | |||||||
| 28 March | R-12 Dvina
|
Kapustin Yar
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 402 kilometres (250 mi) | |||||||
| 29 March | Trailblazer 1
|
Wallops Island
|
NASA
| ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | RV test | 29 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 260 kilometres (160 mi) | |||||||
| 29 March | UGM-27 Polaris A1
|
USNS Observation Island, ETR
|
US Navy
| ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 29 March | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 300 kilometres (190 mi) | |||||||
| 29 March | R-12 Dvina
|
Kapustin Yar
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 29 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 402 kilometres (250 mi) | |||||||
| 31 March | R-12 Dvina
|
Kapustin Yar
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 31 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 402 kilometres (250 mi) | |||||||
| March | R-13
|
Kapustin Yar
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 150 kilometres (93 mi) | |||||||
April[edit] | |||||||
| 1 April | Shotput
|
Wallops Island
|
NASA
| ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Technology | 1 April | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 400 kilometres (250 mi), test of systems for Echo satellites | |||||||
| 7 April 02:06 |
Aerobee-150 (Hi)
|
Eglin
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Solar | 7 April | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 236 kilometres (147 mi) | |||||||
| 8 April 02:06 |
SM-65D Atlas
|
Cape Canaveral LC-11
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 8 April | Launch failure | |||
| Propulsion system malfunction, apogee: 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) | |||||||
| 8 April 12:04 |
Nike-Cajun
|
Churchill
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| BRL | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 8 April | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 8 April | HGM-30A Titan I
|
Cape Canaveral LC-16
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | RV test | 8 April | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) | |||||||
| 12 April 03:18 |
Skylark-2C
|
 Woomera LA-2
|
RAE
| ||||
| RAE | Suborbital | Test flight | 12 April | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 218 kilometres (135 mi) | |||||||
| 18 April 23:09 |
Scout X
|
Wallops Island LA-3
|
NASA
| ||||
| Cub Scout
|
NASA | Suborbital | Test flight | 18 April | Launch failure | ||
| Maiden flight of Scout family, only flight of Scout X, structural Failure during staging, apogee: 48 kilometres (30 mi) | |||||||
| 18 April | UGM-27 Polaris A1
|
USNS Observation Island, ETR
|
US Navy
| ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 18 April | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 50 kilometres (31 mi) | |||||||
| 19 April 14:15 |
Aerobee-150 (Hi)
|
White Sands
|
NRL
| ||||
| NRL | Suborbital | Solar | 19 April | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 222 kilometres (138 mi) | |||||||
| 20 April 18:30 |
MGM-31 Pershing I
|
Cape Canaveral LC-30A
|
US Army
| ||||
| US Army | Suborbital | Missile test | 20 April | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 250 kilometres (160 mi) | |||||||
| 20 April | Viper (ALSOR)
|
F-104, Edwards
|
NASA
| ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Test flight | 20 April | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 70 kilometres (43 mi) | |||||||
| 21 April 10:35 |
Skylark-2
|
Woomera LA-2
|
RAE
| ||||
| UCL | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 21 April | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 141 kilometres (88 mi) | |||||||
| 21 April 15:00 |
Aerobee-150 (Hi)
|
Eglin
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Fields research | 21 April | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 245 kilometres (152 mi) | |||||||
| 21 April 20:55 |
HGM-30A Titan I
|
Cape Canaveral LC-15
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | RV test | 21 April | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) | |||||||
| 22 April 19:39:01 |
SM-65D Atlas
|
Vandenberg LC-576B-2
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 22 April | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi) | |||||||
| 23 April 21:45 |
Aerobee-150A
|
Wallops Island
|
NASA
| ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Test flight | 23 April | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 246 kilometres (153 mi) | |||||||
| 26 April 01:13 |
UGM-27 Polaris A1
|
Cape Canaveral LC-29A
|
US Navy
| ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 26 April | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi) | |||||||
| 26 April | Honest John-Nike-Gosling
|
Wallops Island
|
NASA
| ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | RV test | 26 April | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 43 kilometres (27 mi) | |||||||
| 27 April 04:18 |
Aerobee-150 (Hi)
|
Wallops Island
|
NASA
| ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | UV Astronomy | 27 April | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi) | |||||||
| 27 April 21:56 |
Nike-Asp
|
Wallops Island
|
NASA
| ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Solar | 27 April | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 24 kilometres (15 mi) | |||||||
| 28 April 14:50 |
Nike Zeus
|
White Sands LC-38
|
US Army
| ||||
| US Army | Suborbital | Test flight | 28 April | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 150 kilometres (93 mi) | |||||||
| 28 April 20:18 |
HGM-30A Titan I
|
Cape Canaveral LC-16
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | RV test | 28 April | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) | |||||||
| 29 April 15:47 |
Aerobee-150A
|
Wallops Island
|
NASA
| ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 29 April | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 242 kilometres (150 mi) | |||||||
| 29 April 23:45 |
UGM-27 Polaris A1
|
Cape Canaveral LC-29A
|
US Navy
| ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 29 April | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi) | |||||||
| 29 April | R-12 Dvina
|
Kapustin Yar
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 29 April | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 402 kilometres (250 mi) | |||||||
| 30 April 03:45 |
UGM-27 Polaris A1
|
Cape Canaveral LC-25A
|
US Navy
| ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 30 April | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi) | |||||||
May[edit] | |||||||
| 2 May | OPd-56-39-22D (Antares)
|
CERES
|
ONERA
| ||||
| ONERA | Suborbital | RV test | 2 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 150 kilometres (93 mi) | |||||||
| 2 May | OPd-56-39-22D (Antares)
|
CERES
|
ONERA
| ||||
| ONERA | Suborbital | RV test | 2 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 150 kilometres (93 mi) | |||||||
| 5 May | R-12 Dvina
|
Kapustin Yar
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 5 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 402 kilometres (250 mi) | |||||||
| 5 May | OPd-56-39-22D (Antares)
|
CERES
|
ONERA
| ||||
| ONERA | Suborbital | RV test | 5 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 150 kilometres (93 mi) | |||||||
| 6 May 16:47:02 |
SM-65D Atlas
|
Vandenberg LC-576B-2
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 6 May | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) | |||||||
| 6 May | R-12 Dvina
|
Kapustin Yar
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 6 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 402 kilometres (250 mi) | |||||||
| 10 May 16:00 |
MGM-31 Pershing I
|
Cape Canaveral LC-30A
|
US Army
| ||||
| US Army | Suborbital | Missile test | 10 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 250 kilometres (160 mi) | |||||||
| 13 May 21:25 |
HGM-30A Titan I
|
Cape Canaveral LC-15
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | RV test | 13 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) | |||||||
| 18 May 21:04 |
Black Brant I
|
Churchill
|
CARDE
| ||||
| CARDE | Suborbital | Test flight | 18 May | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 89 kilometres (55 mi) | |||||||
| 18 May | UGM-27 Polaris A1
|
Cape Canaveral LC-25B
|
US Navy
| ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 18 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi) | |||||||
| 20 May 15:00 |
SM-65D Atlas
|
Cape Canaveral LC-12
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 20 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi), set distance record of 14,548 kilometres (9,040 mi) for suborbital spaceflight | |||||||
| 23 May | UGM-27 Polaris A1
|
USNS Observation Island, ETR
|
US Navy
| ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 23 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi) | |||||||
| 24 May 08:57 |
Nike-Asp
|
Wallops Island
|
NASA
| ||||
| GCA | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 24 May | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 24 kilometres (15 mi) | |||||||
| 24 May 11:30 |
Black Knight 201
|
Woomera LA-5A
|
RAE
| ||||
| RAE | Suborbital | RV test | 24 May | Launch failure | |||
| Gaslight test, apogee: 563 kilometres (350 mi) | |||||||
| 24 May 16:40 |
Aerobee-150 (Hi)
|
Eglin
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 24 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 269 kilometres (167 mi) | |||||||
| 24 May 17:44 |
Black Brant I
|
Churchill
|
CARDE
| ||||
| CARDE | Suborbital | Test flight | 24 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 171 kilometres (106 mi) | |||||||
| 25 May 00:48 |
Nike-Asp
|
Wallops Island
|
NASA
| ||||
| GCA | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 25 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 199 kilometres (124 mi) | |||||||
| 25 May 22:00 |
Nike-Asp
|
Wallops Island
|
NASA
| ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Solar | 25 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 193 kilometres (120 mi) | |||||||
| 27 May 04:05 |
Aerobee-150 (Hi)
|
White Sands LC-35
|
NRL
| ||||
| Suborbital | UV Astronomy | 27 May | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 193 kilometres (120 mi) | |||||||
| 27 May 05:30 |
Aerobee-150A
|
Wallops Island
|
NASA
| ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | UV Astronomy | 27 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 215 kilometres (134 mi) | |||||||
| 27 May 17:20 |
HGM-30A Titan I
|
Cape Canaveral LC-16
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | RV test | 27 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) | |||||||
| 28 May 18:27 |
Black Brant I
|
Churchill
|
CARDE
| ||||
| CARDE | Suborbital | Test flight | 28 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 177 kilometres (110 mi) | |||||||
| 30 May | R-12 Dvina
|
Kapustin Yar
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 30 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 402 kilometres (250 mi) | |||||||
| 31 May | Shotput
|
Wallops Island
|
NASA
| ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Technology | 31 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 400 kilometres (250 mi), test of systems for Echo satellites | |||||||
| May | R-12 Dvina
|
Kapustin Yar
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 402 kilometres (250 mi) | |||||||
June[edit] | |||||||
| 4 June 15:49 |
R-7 Semyorka
|
Baikonur Site 1/5
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 4 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,350 kilometres (840 mi) | |||||||
| 6 June 17:10 |
Nike-Cajun
|
Churchill
|
NASA
| ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Magnetospheric | 6 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 122 kilometres (76 mi) | |||||||
| 6 June | R-14 Chusovaya
|
Kapustin Yar
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 6 June | Successful | |||
| Maiden flight of R-14, apogee: 675 kilometres (419 mi) | |||||||
| 7 June | UGM-27 Polaris A1
|
Cape Canaveral LC-25A
|
US Navy
| ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 7 June | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 50 kilometres (31 mi) | |||||||
| 9 June 16:19 |
MGM-31 Pershing I
|
Cape Canaveral LC-30A
|
US Army
| ||||
| US Army | Suborbital | Missile test | 9 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 250 kilometres (160 mi) | |||||||
| 10 June | R-5A Pobeda
|
Chelkar
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 10 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi) | |||||||
| 11 June 06:30 |
SM-65D Atlas
|
Cape Canaveral LC-11
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 11 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi) | |||||||
| 13 June | Véronique
|
Hammaguira Blandine
|
CASDN
| ||||
| CNRS | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 13 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 176 kilometres (109 mi) | |||||||
| 15 June 02:43 |
 R-2A
|
Kapustin Yar
|
AN
| ||||
| AN | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 15 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi) | |||||||
| 15 June 15:45 |
Aerobee-150 (Hi)
|
White Sands
|
NRL
| ||||
| Suborbital | Aeronomy | 15 June | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 224 kilometres (139 mi) | |||||||
| 15 June 22:56 |
Aerobee-300
|
Churchill
|
NASA
| ||||
| UMI | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 15 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 321 kilometres (199 mi) | |||||||
| 16 June 05:29 |
Nike-Cajun
|
Wallops Island
|
NASA
| ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 16 June | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) | |||||||
| 16 June 12:04 |
Skylark-2
|
Woomera LA-2
|
RAE
| ||||
| QUB | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 16 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 129 kilometres (80 mi) | |||||||
| 16 June | Véronique
|
Hammaguira Blandine
|
CASDN
| ||||
| CNRS | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 16 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 180 kilometres (110 mi) | |||||||
| 18 June | Véronique
|
Hammaguira Blandine
|
CASDN
| ||||
| CNRS | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 18 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 152 kilometres (94 mi) | |||||||
| 21 June 10:05 |
Black Knight 201
|
Woomera LA-5A
|
RAE
| ||||
| RAE | Suborbital | RV test | 21 June | Successful | |||
| Gaslight test, apogee: 484 kilometres (301 mi) | |||||||
| 21 June | Kiva-Hopi
|
Point Mugu
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| Phoenix 1
|
US Air Force | Suborbital | Test flight | 21 June | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 300 kilometres (190 mi) | |||||||
| 22 June 14:49 |
SM-65D Atlas
|
Cape Canaveral LC-14
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 22 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi) | |||||||
| 22 June 23:26 |
PGM-17 Thor DM-18A
|
Vandenberg LC-75-2-7
|
Royal Air Force
| ||||
| Royal Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 22 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 520 kilometres (320 mi) | |||||||
| 22 June | Nike-Zeus
|
White Sands LC-38
|
US Army
| ||||
| US Army | Suborbital | Test flight | 22 June | Launch failure | |||
| 22 June | Véronique
|
Hammaguira Blandine
|
CASDN
| ||||
| CNRS | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 22 June | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 60 kilometres (37 mi) | |||||||
| 23 June 02:22 |
UGM-27 Polaris A1
|
USNS Observation Island, ETR
|
US Navy
| ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 23 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi) | |||||||
| 23 June 23:00 |
R-2A
|
Kapustin Yar
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 23 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi) | |||||||
| 23 June 05:00 |
R-11A Zemlya
|
Kapustin Yar
|
AN
| ||||
| AN | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 23 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi) | |||||||
| 23 June 05:52 |
UGM-27 Polaris A1
|
Cape Canaveral LC-25B
|
US Navy
| ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 23 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi) | |||||||
| 24 June 06:25 |
Aerobee-150A
|
Wallops Island
|
NASA
| ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | UV Astronomy | 24 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 211 kilometres (131 mi) | |||||||
| 24 June | R-12 Dvina
|
Kapustin Yar
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 24 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 402 kilometres (250 mi) | |||||||
| 24 June | HGM-30A Titan I
|
Cape Canaveral LC-15
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | RV test | 24 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) | |||||||
| 26 June 06:17 |
Trailblazer 1
|
Wallops Island
|
NASA
| ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | RV test | 26 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 294 kilometres (183 mi) | |||||||
| 27 June 13:15 |
Aerobee-150 (Hi)
|
White Sands LC-35
|
NRL
| ||||
| Suborbital | Aeronomy | 27 June | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 222 kilometres (138 mi) | |||||||
| 27 June 19:10 |
Nike-Asp
|
Eglin
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 27 June | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 170 kilometres (110 mi) | |||||||
| 27 June | Nike-Asp
|
Cape Canaveral
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 27 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 150 kilometres (93 mi) | |||||||
| 28 June 02:30 |
SM-65D Atlas
|
Cape Canaveral LC-12
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi) | |||||||
| 28 June 05:10 |
Nike-Asp
|
Eglin
|
US Air Force
| ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Ionospheric | 28 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 195 kilometres (121 mi) | |||||||
| 29 June | R-12 Dvina
|
Kapustin Yar
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 29 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 402 kilometres (250 mi) | |||||||
| 30 June 16:00 |
MGM-31 Pershing I
|
Cape Canaveral LC-30A
|
US Army
| ||||
| US Army | Suborbital | Missile test | 30 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 250 kilometres (160 mi) | |||||||
| 30 June 20:25 |
Javelin
|
Wallops Island
|
NASA
| ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Magnetospheric | 30 June | Launch failure | |||
| Apogee: 65 kilometres (40 mi) | |||||||
| June | R-12 Dvina
|
Kapustin Yar
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 402 kilometres (250 mi) | |||||||
| June | R-12 Dvina
|
Kapustin Yar
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 402 kilometres (250 mi) | |||||||
| June | R-14 Chusovaya
|
Kapustin Yar
|
RVSN
| ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 675 kilometres (419 mi) | |||||||
Reference
[edit]- ^ "Atlas Missile Hits The Mark". The South Bend Tribune. Cape Canaveral, Florida. Associated Press. 7 January 1960. p. 1. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Polaris Makes Successful 900 Mile Flight". The Sacramento Bee. Cape Canaveral, Florida. Associated Press. 8 January 1960. p. 17. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Polaris Missile Successfully Hurls Dummy Warhead 900 Miles". The Burlington Free Press. Cape Canaveral, Florida. Associated Press. 14 January 1960. p. 1. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Thor blasts off in test of new space engine". The Birmingham News. Cape Canaveral, Florida: Advance Publications. Associated Press. 14 January 1960. p. 2. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "New Revolutionary Missile Cone Made". Marshfield News-Herald. Washington, D.C. Associated Press. 14 January 1960. p. 1. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d "Third Javelin Rocket Makes Good Flight". Carlsbad Current-Argus. Wallops Flight Facility. United Press International. 15 January 1960. p. 11. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c Hartmann, Fred (18 January 1960). "Sky Balloon Had 'em Guessing". The Morning News. Wilmington, Delaware. p. 3. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c "Nose Cone Bends In Studying Sun". The Orlando Sentinel. Andrews Air Force Base: Tribune Publishing. 19 January 1960. p. 16. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Brig. Gen. Phillips, Thomas R. (22 January 1960). "Soviet Rocket That Hit in Pacific Could Reach Any Spot in U.S. From East, West or Over Pole". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Washington, D.C.: Pulitzer, Inc. p. 17. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c "Navy Fires Polaris In Successful Test". The Palm Beach Post. Cape Canaveral, Florida. Associated Press. 21 January 1960. p. 8. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c "RAF Fires Thor Shot". Santa Maria Times. 21 January 1960. p. 1. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Atlas Scores As Titan Fizzles". The Tampa Tribune. Cape Canaveral, Florida. Associated Press. 9 March 1960. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
External links
[edit]- Bergin, Chris. "NASASpaceFlight.com".
- Clark, Stephen. "Spaceflight Now".
- Kelso, T.S. "Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)". CelesTrak.
- Krebs, Gunter. "Chronology of Space Launches".
- Kyle, Ed. "Space Launch Report". Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
- McDowell, Jonathan. "GCAT Orbital Launch Log".
- Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
- Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
- Webb, Brian. "Southwest Space Archive".
- Zak, Anatoly. "Russian Space Web".
- "ISS Calendar". Spaceflight 101.
- "NSSDCA Master Catalog". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
- "Хроника освоения космоса" [Chronicle of space exploration]. CosmoWorld (in Russian).
- "Rocket Launch Manifest". Next Spaceflight.
