William Herschel
Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel (kwa Kiingereza: Frederick William; 15 Novemba 1738 – 25 Agosti 1822) alikuwa mtunzi wa muziki na mwanaastronomia kutoka nchini Ujerumani aliyeishi na kufanikiwa Uingereza.
Alipata umaarufu hasa kama mgunduzi wa sayari ya Uranus. Kasoko moja kwenye Mwezi ilipewa jina Kasoko ya Herschel kwa heshima ya michango yake, pamoja na kasoko kwenye Mirihi na kwenye mwezi Mimas wa Zohali.
Maisha
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Herschel alizaliwa katika familia ya Walutheri katika utemi wa Hannover kaskazini mwa Ujerumani[1]. Familia ilikuwa ya asili ya Kiyahudi kutoka Moravia. Baba yake alikuwa mwanamuziki katika bendi la jeshi la mtemi. Wakati ule watemi wa Hannover walikuwa pia wafalme wa Uingereza. Wilhelm alimfuata baba kama mpiga filimbi wa oboe na fidla katika bendi ya kijeshi. Kwa njia hii kijana Wilhelm alifika Uingereza kwa umri wa miaka 19 alipobaki na kuendelea kuishi.
Herschel aliendelea na kazi ya muziki akaendelea kuwa kiongozi wa bendi hadi kushika nafasi ya mkurugenzi wa muziki katika mji wa Bath alipoishi pamoja na dadake Caroline. Alikuwa pia mpiga kinanda za filimbi kanisani. Alitunga muziki ya kiroho na ya burudani.
Kazi ya astronomia
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Tangu miaka ya 1770 alianza kushughulikia mambo ya hisabati alikovutwa kutokana na kazi ya kutunga muziki na kutafakari nadharia ya muziki. Kupitia rafiki mmoja alivutwa na astronomia. Alianza kutengeneza na kuuza vifaa vya darubini alizoweza kuboresha.
Ugunduzi wa sayari Uranus
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Mwaka 1780 aliweza kugundua sayari ya Uranus. Hii ilikuwa sayari ya kwanza iliyogunduliwa tangu nyakati za kale na hadi wakati ule haikujulikana. Ugunduzi huu ulimsababisha kupokelewa kwake katika Shirika la Kifalme la Sayansi pamoja na mshahara uliomwezesha kutumia wakati wake kwa sayansi. Katika miaka iliyofuata alichaguliwa kama mwanachama katika shirika mbalimbali za kisayansi za Ujerumani na Marekani. Mnamo 1820 alikuwa mwenyekiti wa kwanza wa Shirika la Kifalme la Astronomia la Uingereza. Alipokufa mwaka 1822 marafiki waliweka kwenze jiwe la kaburi yake maneno ya Kilatini "Caelorum perrupit claustra" (Alivuka mipaka ya anga)
Michango mingine katika sayansi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Herschel alitumia vifaa vyake aliyoboresha mwenyewe kwa kuchungulia upya nyota zote. Baada ya kugundua Uranus aligundua pia miezi yake miwili pamoja na pete za sayari hii. Aliendelea kutambua miezi miwili ya Zohali.
Alikuwa mtafiti wa kwanza aliyechungulia spektra ya nuru ya nyota. Alikuwa pia wa kwanza wa kutambua mnururisho wa infraredi katika nuru ya Jua.
Aliangalia pia nyota maradufu akitoa ufafanuzi wa kwanza kwa kuwepo kwao[2].
Tanbihi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ leo katika Jimbo la Saksonia Chini
- ↑ Herschel, W. (1802) uk.481: "If .. two stars should really be situated very near each other, and at the same time so far insulated as not to be materially affected by the attractions of neighbouring stars, they will then compose a separate system, and remain united by the bond of their own mutual gravitation towards each other. This should be called a real double star; and any two stars that are thus mutually connected, form the binary sidereal system which we are now to consider."
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Herschel, William (1802). "Catalogue of 500 New Nebulae, Nebulous Stars, Planetary Nebulae, and Clusters of Stars; With Remarks on the Construction of the Heavens". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 92: 477–528 [481]. (online hapa)
- Michael Lemonick: William Herschel, the First Observational Cosmologist, 12 Nov 2008, Fermilab Colloquium
Viungo vya nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- William Herschel's Deep Sky Catalog
- The William Herschel Double Star Catalogs Restored
- Full text of Kigezo:Ws
- Full text of The Story of the Herschels Archived 18 Septemba 2020 at the Wayback Machine. (1886) from Project Gutenberg
- Portraits of William Herschel Archived 30 Septemba 2007 at the Wayback Machine. at the National Portrait Gallery (United Kingdom)
- Herschel Museum of Astronomy located in his Bath home
- William Herschel Society
- The Oboe Concertos of Sir William Herschel, Wilbert Davis Jerome ed. ISBN 0-87169-225-2
- Shughuli au kuhusu William Herschel katika maktaba ya WorldCat catalog
- A notebook of Herschel's, dated from 1759 Archived 9 Januari 2019 at the Wayback Machine. is available in the digital collections of the Linda Hall Library.
- Portraits of William Herschel (and other members of the family) from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections Archived 4 Machi 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
- William Herschel ame orodheshwa katika International Music Score Library Project
- Musical pieces by William Herschel @YouTube:
- Chamber Symphony in F minor No. 4- Allegro moderato (I) katika YouTube
- Hubble Images to Herschel Music katika YouTube (Chamber Symphony in F, 2nd movement)
- Richmond Sinfonia for Strings, Bassoon & Harpsichord n. 2 in D major katika YouTube
- Sinfonía para Cuerdas No. 8 en Do menor katika YouTube
- Sinfonia n. 12, primo movimento, Allegro katika YouTube
- Symphony No. 8, I: Allegro Assai katika YouTube