Benki kuu
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Benki kuu ni taasisi inayosimamia mfumo wa sarafu na sera za pesa ya nchi au nchi zenye muungano wa kifedha, [1] na kusimamia mfumo wa benki za biashara. Tofauti na benki ya biashara, benki kuu ina uhodhisoko wa kuongeza kiasi cha pesa.
Katika nchi nyingi benki kuu huwa na mamlaka ya usimamizi na udhibiti ili kuhakikisha uthabiti wa benki za biashara na kuzuia tabia ya uzembe au ulaghai inayofanywa na benki inayosimamiwa nayo.
Katika mataifa mengi yaliyoendelea, benki kuu huwa na kiwango kikubwa cha uhuru katika utekelezaji wa shughuli bila kuingiliwa na siasa. [2] [3] [4] Hata hivyo, udhibiti fulani wa serikali au bunge upo. [5] [6]
Shughuli za benki kuu
Kazi za benki kuu kawaida ni pamoja na:
- Sera ya pesa: kwa kuamulia kiwango rasmi cha riba na kudhibiti usambazaji wa pesa ;
- Utulivu wa kifedha: kufanya kazi kama benki ya serikali na benki ya mabenki ("mkopeshaji wa ngazi ya mwisho ");
- Usimamizi wa akiba: kusimamia fedha za kigeni na akiba ya dhahabu na hati fungani za serikali ;
- Usimamizi wa benki: kudhibiti na kusimamia tasnia ya benki ;
- Mfumo wa malipo : kusimamia au kusimamia njia za malipo na mifumo baina ya benki;
- Utoaji wa sarafu na noti;
- Kazi zingine za benki kuu zinaweza kujumuisha utafiti wa kiuchumi, ukusanyaji wa takwimu, usimamizi wa miradi ya dhamana ya amana, ushauri kwa serikali katika sera ya kifedha.
Marejeo
- ↑
Compare:
Uittenbogaard, Roland (2014). Evolution of Central Banking?: De Nederlandsche Bank 1814–1852. Cham (Switzerland): Springer. uk. 4. ISBN 9783319106175. Iliwekwa mnamo 3 Februari 2019.
Although it is difficult to define central banking, ... a functional definition is most useful. ... Capie et al. (1994) define a central bank as the government's bank, the monopoly note issuer and lender of last resort.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ David Fielding, "Fiscal and Monetary Policies in Developing Countries" in The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (Springer, 2016), p. 405: "The current norm in OECD countries is an institutionally independent central bank ... In recent years some non-OECD countries have introduced ... a degree of central bank independence and accountability."
- ↑ "Public governance of central banks: an approach from new institutional economics" (PDF). The Bulletin of the Faculty of Commerce. 89 (4). Machi 2007. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2022-10-09.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Apel, Emmanuel (Novemba 2007). "1". Central Banking Systems Compared: The ECB, The Pre-Euro Bundesbank and the Federal Reserve System. Routledge. uk. 14. ISBN 978-0415459228.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑
"Ownership and independence of FED". Iliwekwa mnamo 29 Septemba 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Deutsche Bundesbank#Governance
Viungo vya nje
- List of central bank websites at the Bank for International Settlements
- International Journal of Central Banking
- "The Federal Reserve System: Purposes and Functions" – A publication of the U.S. Federal Reserve, describing its role in the macroeconomy
- A Hundred Ways to Skin a Cat: Comparing Monetary Policy Operating Procedures in the United States, Japan and the Euro Area (PDF). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka (PDF) kutoka chanzo mnamo 2022-10-09. (176 KB) – C E V Borio, Bank for International Settlements, Basel
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