Green algae

Bolele bo botala ( sg. : green alga ) ke sehlopha sa chlorophyll -containing autotrophic eukaryotes e nang le phylum Prasinodermophyta le sehlopha sa yona sa baradi ba sa bolelwang ka mabitso se nang le Chlorophyta le Charophyta / Streptophyta . dimela tsa mobu ( Embryophytes ) di hlahile ka hare ho charophyte e le moradi yabo Zygnematophyceae . ^{[1] [2] [3]} Ho tloha ha ho elellwa hore di-embryophyte di hlahile ka haraa algae e tala, bangoli ba bang ba qala ho di kenyelletsa. ^{[2] [4] [5] [6] [7] [ <span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (November 2021)">litemana tse qotsitsoeng ho feta tekano</span> ]} Lepatlelo le phethilweng le kenyelletsang algae e tala le embryophyte ke monophyletic mme le bitswa clade Viridiplantae hape e le' muso wa Plantae . Bolele bo botala bo kenyelletsa di-flagellate tsa unicellular le colonial, boholo ba tsona di na le di-flagella tse pedi ka sele, hammoho le mefuta e sa tshwaneng a bokolone, ya coccoid (spherical), le filamentous, le macroscopic, mefuta e mengata ea leoatleng . Ho na le mefuta e ka bang 22,000 ea limela tse tala, ^[8] tseo bongata ba tsona ld phelang boholo ba bophelo ba tsona e le disele tse le nngoe, ha mefuta e meng e etsa coenobia (likolone), likhoele tse telele, kapa mefuta e mengata ea macroscopic ea leoatleng e arohaneng haholo.

Dibōpuoa tse ding tse seng kae di itshetlehile ka algae e tala ho di etsetsa photosynthesis . Di-chloroplasts tsa dinoflagellates tsa mofuta oa Lepidodinium, euglenids le chlorarachniophyte di ile tsa fumanoa ho tsoa ho endosymbiont green algae e nkilweng, ^[9] mme qetellong e boloka nucleomorph (nucleus ea vestigial). Bolele bo botala bo boetse bo fumanoa ka symbiotically ho ciliate Paramecium, le Hydra viridissima le ho flatworms . Mefuta e meng ea limela tse tala, haholo-holo tsa genera Trebouxia ea sehlopha sa Trebouxiophyceae le Trentepohlia (sehlopha sa Ulvophyceae ), e ka fumanoa ka likamano tsa symbiotic le li-fungus ho etsa lichens . Ka kakaretso mefuta ea fungal e kopanelang ldichens e ke ke ya phela ka bo eona, ha mefuta ea algal hangata e fumanwa e phela ka tlhaho ntle le fungus. Trentepohlia ke bolele bo botala ba filamentous bo ka phelang ka boikemelo mobung o mongobo, mafika kapa makgapetla a difate kapa ho etsa photosymbiont ka boriba ba lelapa la Graphidaceae . Hape macroalga Prasiola calophylla (Trebouxiophyceae) ke lefatshe, ^[10] le Prasiola crispa, tse dulang sebakeng sa supralittoral, ke lefatshe mme di ka Antarctic di etsa dikhapete tse kgolo mobung o mongobo, haholo-holo haufi le dikolone tsa dinonyana. ^[11]

1. ↑ Linzhou Li; Sibo Wang; Hongli Wang; Sunil Kumar Sahu; Birger Marin; Haoyuan Li; Yan Xu; Hongping Liang; Zhen Li; Shifeng Chen; Tanja Reder; Zehra Çebi; Sebastian Wittek; Morten Petersen; Barbara Melkonian; Hongli Du; Huanming Yang; Jian Wang; Gane Ka-Shu Wong; Xun Xu; Xin Liu; Yves Van de Peer; Michael Melkonian; Huan Liu (22 June 2020). "The genome of Prasinoderma coloniale unveils the existence of a third phylum within green plants". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 4 (9): 1220–1231. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1221-7. PMC 7455551. PMID 32572216.
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1} Delwiche CF, Timme RE (June 2011). "Plants". Current Biology. 21 (11): R417–22. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.04.021. PMID 21640897.
3. ↑ Palmer JD, Soltis DE, Chase MW (October 2004). "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1437–45. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437. PMID 21652302.
4. ↑ "Charophycean Green Algae Home Page". www.life.umd.edu. Retrieved 2018-02-24.
5. ↑ . p. 23.  Missing or empty |title= (help)
6. ↑ . pp. R899–910.  Missing or empty |title= (help)
7. ↑ Parfrey LW, Lahr DJ, Knoll AH, Katz LA (August 2011). "Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (33): 13624–9. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10813624P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108. PMC 3158185. PMID 21810989.
8. ↑ Guiry MD (October 2012). "How many species of algae are there?". Journal of Phycology. 48 (5): 1057–63. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01222.x. PMID 27011267. S2CID 30911529.
9. ↑ Jackson, Christopher; Knoll, Andrew H.; Chan, Cheong Xin; Verbruggen, Heroen (2018). "Plastid phylogenomics with broad taxon sampling further elucidates the distinct evolutionary origins and timing of secondary green plastids". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 1523. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.1523J. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18805-w. PMC 5784168. PMID 29367699.
10. ↑ Holzinger, A.; Herburger, K.; Blaas, K.; Lewis, L. A.; Karsten, U. (2017). "The terrestrial green macroalga Prasiola calophylla (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta): Ecophysiological performance under water-limiting conditions". Protoplasma. 254 (4): 1755–1767. doi:10.1007/s00709-016-1068-6. PMC 5474099. PMID 28066876.
11. ↑ Carvalho, Evelise L.; MacIel, Lucas F.; MacEdo, Pablo E.; Dezordi, Filipe Z.; Abreu, Maria E. T.; Victória, Filipe de Carvalho; Pereira, Antônio B.; Boldo, Juliano T.; Wallau, Gabriel da Luz; Pinto, Paulo M. (2018). "De novo Assembly and Annotation of the Antarctic Alga Prasiola crispa Transcriptome". Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences. 4: 89. doi:10.3389/fmolb.2017.00089. PMC 5766667. PMID 29359133.