Космополита без корена

Космополит без корена (рус. безродный космополит) био је пежоративни совјетски епитет који се углавном односио на јеврејске интелектуалце као оптужбу за недостатак оданости Совјетском Савезу, посебно током антисемитске кампање 1948–1953.^[1] Ова кампања је имала своје корене у нападу Јосифа Стаљина 1946. на писце који су били повезани са „буржоаским западним утицајима“, који је кулминирао „разоткривањем“ непостојеће завере лекара 1953.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Порекло

Израз је сковао у 19. веку руски књижевни критичар Висарион Белински да би описао писце којима је недостајао руски национални карактер.^[5]

Употреба под влашћу Стаљина

Према новинарки Маши Гесен, сажета дефиниција космополите без корена појавила се у издању Вопроси истории (Питања историје) 1949. године: „Космополита без корена [...] фалсификује и погрешно представља светску историјску улогу руског народа у изградња социјалистичког друштва и победа над непријатељима човечанства, над немачким фашизмом у Великом отаџбинском рату“. Гесен наводи да је термин који се користи за „Руси“ ексклузивни термин који означава само етничке Русе и стога закључују да је „сваки историчар који је занемарио да пева хвалоспеве херојским етничким Русима [...] био вероватан издајник“.^[6]

Овај израз се и даље сматра антисемитском етикетом.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

Референце

^ Figes, Orlando (2007). The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia. New York City: Metropolitan Books. стр. 494. ISBN 978-0-8050-7461-1.
^ Azadovskii, K.; Egorov, B. (2002). „From Anti-Westernism to Anti-Semitism”. Journal of Cold War Studies. 4 (1): 66—80. doi:10.1162/152039702753344834.
^ Greenfield, Jeff (3. 8. 2017). „The Ugly History of Stephen Miller's 'Cosmopolitan' Epithet: Surprise, surprise—the insult has its roots in Soviet anti-Semitism”. Politico.
'^ „Stalin on Art and Culture”. International Association of Friends of the Soviet Union. Архивирано из оригинала 07. 03. 2023. г. Приступљено 5. 12. 2021. „In 1946 Stalin met with Soviet intellectuals to discuss and analyze the trends developing in Soviet art, music, literature and theatre – after the Second World War. Here we give a shortened version of his replies to questions posed by the intellectuals. '[...] Frequently in the pages of Soviet literary journals works are found where Soviet people, builders of communism are shown in pathetic and ludicrous forms. The positive Soviet hero is derided and inferior before all things foreign and cosmopolitism that we all fought against from the time of Lenin, characteristic of the political leftovers, is many times applauded. In the theater it seems that Soviet plays are pushed aside by plays from foreign bourgeois authors. The same thing is starting to happen in Soviet films.”
^ Figes, Orlando (2007). The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia. стр. 494. ISBN 978-0805074611.
^ Gessen, Masha (2005). Two Babushkas. London, UK: Bloomsbury. стр. 205. ISBN 978-0-7475-7080-6.
^ „Anti-Semitism”. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard).
^ Steinberg, Rachel (9. 4. 2019). „Fire Brigades Union tells official to dial back social media use after controversial tweet”. The Jewish Chronicle. „Many were quick to criticise Mr Embery’s use of "rootless, cosmopolitan", including Jewish MP Alex Sobel who tweeted: "Literally an anti-semitic trope used by Stalin the culmination of which saw many good bundists imprisoned by East European Communist regimes (including my grandfather)…stop othering Jews".”
^ Glasman, Maurice (22. 5. 2019). „No direction home: the tragedy of the Jewish left”. New Statesman. „I knew that the phrase "rootless cosmopolitan" was minted by Stalin and his executioners in the show trials to exterminate Jews, particularly Trotskyists, for whom this became the standard expression. I cannot hear it without the dread fear of the knock on the door by the Cheka in the early hours.”
^ Brook, Vincent (2006). You Should See Yourself: Jewish Identity in Postmodern American Culture. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. стр. 166. ISBN 0813538440. „This outlook can be viewed positively as a condition that enhances Jews' and adaptability and empathy for others, or it can have a negative connotation, as in the recurring trope of the rootless cosmopolitan”

Додатна литература

Hoberman, J. (18. 3. 2019). „The Rootless Cosmopolitan Who Mocked Totalitarian Consciousness”. Tablet. Приступљено 19. 3. 2020.
Miller, Michael L.; Ury, Scott (2010). „Cosmopolitanism: the end of Jewishness?”. European Review of History. 17 (3): 337—359. S2CID 144567082. doi:10.1080/13507486.2010.481923 .
Miller, Michael L.; Ury, Scott, ур. (2014). Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism and the Jews of East Central Europe. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-13801-852-5.
Pinkus, Benjamin (1984). The Soviet Government and the Jews 1948-1967: A Documented Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. стр. 147—192. ISBN 978-0-52124-713-9.
Spector, Hannah (10. 3. 2016). „The cosmopolitan subject and the question of cultural identity: The case of 'Crime and Punishment'”. Crime, Media, Culture. 13 (1): 21—40. S2CID 146984216. doi:10.1177/1741659016634813.

[Figes-1] Figes, Orlando (2007). The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia. New York City: Metropolitan Books. стр. 494. ISBN 978-0-8050-7461-1.

[jcsw-2] Azadovskii, K.; Egorov, B. (2002). „From Anti-Westernism to Anti-Semitism”. Journal of Cold War Studies. 4 (1): 66—80. doi:10.1162/152039702753344834.

[greenfield-3] Greenfield, Jeff (3. 8. 2017). „The Ugly History of Stephen Miller's 'Cosmopolitan' Epithet: Surprise, surprise—the insult has its roots in Soviet anti-Semitism”. Politico.

[4] '^ „Stalin on Art and Culture”. International Association of Friends of the Soviet Union. Архивирано из оригинала 07. 03. 2023. г. Приступљено 5. 12. 2021. „In 1946 Stalin met with Soviet intellectuals to discuss and analyze the trends developing in Soviet art, music, literature and theatre – after the Second World War. Here we give a shortened version of his replies to questions posed by the intellectuals. '[...] Frequently in the pages of Soviet literary journals works are found where Soviet people, builders of communism are shown in pathetic and ludicrous forms. The positive Soviet hero is derided and inferior before all things foreign and cosmopolitism that we all fought against from the time of Lenin, characteristic of the political leftovers, is many times applauded. In the theater it seems that Soviet plays are pushed aside by plays from foreign bourgeois authors. The same thing is starting to happen in Soviet films.”

[Figes2-5] Figes, Orlando (2007). The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia. стр. 494. ISBN 978-0805074611.

[6] Gessen, Masha (2005). Two Babushkas. London, UK: Bloomsbury. стр. 205. ISBN 978-0-7475-7080-6.

[7] „Anti-Semitism”. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard).

[8] Steinberg, Rachel (9. 4. 2019). „Fire Brigades Union tells official to dial back social media use after controversial tweet”. The Jewish Chronicle. „Many were quick to criticise Mr Embery’s use of "rootless, cosmopolitan", including Jewish MP Alex Sobel who tweeted: "Literally an anti-semitic trope used by Stalin the culmination of which saw many good bundists imprisoned by East European Communist regimes (including my grandfather)…stop othering Jews".”

[9] Glasman, Maurice (22. 5. 2019). „No direction home: the tragedy of the Jewish left”. New Statesman. „I knew that the phrase "rootless cosmopolitan" was minted by Stalin and his executioners in the show trials to exterminate Jews, particularly Trotskyists, for whom this became the standard expression. I cannot hear it without the dread fear of the knock on the door by the Cheka in the early hours.”

[10] Brook, Vincent (2006). You Should See Yourself: Jewish Identity in Postmodern American Culture. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. стр. 166. ISBN 0813538440. „This outlook can be viewed positively as a condition that enhances Jews' and adaptability and empathy for others, or it can have a negative connotation, as in the recurring trope of the rootless cosmopolitan”

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