User:Mr. Ibrahem/Postcoital bleeding
| Postcoital bleeding | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Medical specialty | Gynecology |
| Symptoms | Vaginal bleeding after sex[1] |
| Usual onset | Reproductive age and older[2] |
| Causes | Cervical ectropion, cervical or endometrial polyps, infections including sexually transmitted infection, injury, pregnancy, vaginal atrophy, cervical or endometrial cancer[2][1] |
| Risk factors | Low estrogen, sexual assault, vigorous sex[2] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on examination, pregnancy testing, taking swabs[2] |
| Treatment | Depends on cause[2] |
| Frequency | 5%-10% of females[2] |
Postcoital bleeding (PCB) is vaginal bleeding after sexual intercourse that is not related to menstruation.[1] While typically painless, in about 15% of cases pain is present.[2] Often those affected also have abnormal uterine bleeding including intermenstrual bleeding.[2][1]
Before menopause common causes include cervical ectropion (33%), cervical or endometrial polyps (5% to 18%), infections including sexually transmitted infection, injury, and pregnancy.[2][1] After menopause the most common cause is vaginal atrophy.[2][1] It may also be an early signs of cervical or endometrial cancer (7 to 17% of cases).[2] Other causes include endometriosis and a malpositioned intrauterine device.[1][2] Diagnosis involves examination of the vagina and cervix, pregnancy testing, taking swabs, and sometimes a biopsy.[3][2] Other tests may include ultrasound, Pap smear, and colposcopy.[1]
Treatment depends on the cause.[2] Silver nitrate may be used to treat cervical ectropion, while cervical polyps can be removed.[1] In more than half of people without a clear cause, symptoms resolve within six month.[1] Referral is recommended to a gynecologist if the condition persists beyond this.[1] Postcoital bleeding is common, affected around 5% to 10% of females.[1][2] Due to the association with sexual assault, this should be asked about.[1]
References
[change | change source]- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 Ardestani, Shakiba; Dason, Ebernella Shirin; Sobel, Mara (11 September 2023). "Postcoital bleeding". Canadian Medical Association journal. 195 (35): E1180. doi:10.1503/cmaj.230143. ISSN 1488-2329. PMC 10495171. PMID 37696551.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 Smith, Roger P. (2023). "60. Postcoital bleeding". Netter's Obstetrics and Gynecology: Netter's Obstetrics and Gynecology (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-0-443-10739-9. Archived from the original on 2023-10-31. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
- ↑ Japp, Alan; Robertson, Colin (2018). "33. Vaginal bleeding". Macleod's Clinical Diagnosis (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. pp. 288–293. ISBN 978-0-7020-6962-8. Archived from the original on 2023-11-01. Retrieved 2023-11-01.