Heraclius
| Heraclius | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emperor of the Romans | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
| Byzantine emperor | |||||||||
| Reign | 5 October 610 – 11 February 641 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Phocas | ||||||||
| Successor | Constantine III Heraclonas | ||||||||
| Co-emperors | Constantine III (613–641) Heraclonas (638–641) | ||||||||
| Born | c. 575[1][2] Cappadocia, Eastern Roman Empire | ||||||||
| Died | 11 February 641 (aged 65) Constantinople, Eastern Roman Empire | ||||||||
| Spouse | Eudokia Martina | ||||||||
| Issue | Constantine III Heraclonas John Athalarichos (illegitimate) Martinus David Tiberius | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Dynasty | Heraclian Dynasty | ||||||||
| Father | Heraclius the Elder | ||||||||
| Mother | Epiphania | ||||||||
| Religion | Chalcedonian Christianity | ||||||||
Heraclius[A 1] (Greek: Ἡράκλειος Hērákleios; c. 575 – 11 February 641), was Eastern Roman emperor from 610 to 641. His rise to power began in 608, when he and his father, Heraclius the Elder, the exarch of Africa, led a revolt against Phocas, an unpopular emperor. Later in Heraclius' reign officialy used "Basileus" partially replacing the traditional "Imperator, Caesar and Augustus". He placed Greek as the official languange of the Eastern Roman Empire in place of Latin and even promoting Greek Culture but nevertheless had kept much of ancient roman traditions.
Rule
[change | change source]Heraclius's rule was marked by a number of military campaigns. The year Heraclius came to power, the empire was threatened on many sides. Heraclius immediately took charge of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628. The first fights of the campaign ended in defeat for the Byzantines; the Persian army fought their way to the Bosphorus but Constantinople was protected by unbreakable walls and a strong navy, and Heraclius was able to avoid total defeat. Soon after, he started changes to rebuild and strengthen the military. Heraclius drove the Persians out of Asia Minor and pushed deep into their territory, defeating them clearly in 627 at the Battle of Nineveh. The Persian king Khosrow II was overthrown and executed by his son Kavad II, who soon sued for a peace treaty, agreeing to withdraw from all occupied territory. This way diplomatic relations were restored.
Loss of control
[change | change source]However, Heraclius soon lost many of his newly regained lands to the Rashidun Caliphate. Newly appearing from the Arabian Peninsula, the Muslims quickly won the Sasanian Empire by force. In 636, the Muslims marched into Roman Syria, defeating Heraclius's brother Theodore. Within a short period of time, the Arabs conquered Mesopotamia, Armenia and Egypt. Heraclius responded with changes which let his successors fight the Arabs and avoid total destruction.
Entering diplomatic relations
[change | change source]Heraclius entered diplomatic relations with the Croats and Serbs in the Balkans. He tried to repair the schism in the Christian church in regard to the Monophysites, by promoting a compromise doctrine called Monothelitism. The Church of the East (commonly called Nestorian) was also involved in the process.[3] Eventually this project of togetherness was rejected by all sides of the argument.
Notes
[change | change source]- ↑ Sometimes numbered as Heraclius I.
References
[change | change source]- ↑ Treadgold 1997, p. 308.
- ↑ Kazhdan 1991b, p. 916.
- ↑ Seleznev 2012.
Sources
[change | change source]- Alexander, Suzanne Spain (April 1977). "Heraclius, Byzantine Imperial Ideology, and the David Plates". Medieval Academy of America. 52 (2): 217–237. doi:10.2307/2850511. JSTOR 2850511. S2CID 161886591.
- Baert, Barbara (2008). "Héraclius, l'Exaltation de la Croix et le Mont-Saint-Michel au XIe siècle". Cahiers de Civilisation médiévale (in French) (51): 03–20.
- Baynes, Norman H. (1912). "The restoration of the Cross at Jerusalem". The English Historical Review. 27 (106): 287–299. doi:10.1093/ehr/XXVII.CVI.287. ISSN 0013-8266.
- Beckwith, Christopher (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present (illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2.
- Bellinger, Alfred Raymond; Grierson, Philip (1992). Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection. Vol. 2, parts 1–2. Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN 0-88402-024-X.
- Bury, John Bagnell (2005). A history of the later Roman empire from Arcadius to Irene. Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 1-4021-8368-2.
- Cameron, Averil (1979). "Images of Authority: Elites and Icons in Late Sixth-century Byzantium". Past and Present. 84: 3. doi:10.1093/past/84.1.3.
- Charles, Robert H. (2007) [1916]. The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. ISBN 9781889758879.
- Charanis, Peter (1959). "Ethnic Changes in the Byzantine Empire in the Seventh Century". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 13 (1). Trustees for Harvard University: 23–44. doi:10.2307/1291127. ISSN 0070-7546. JSTOR 1291127.
- Collins, Roger (2004). Visigothic Spain, 409–711. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-18185-7.
- Conrad, Lawrence I (2002). Reinink, Gerrit J.; Stolte, Bernard H. (eds.). Heraclius in early Islamic Kerygma. The reign of Heraclius (610–641): crisis and confrontation. Leuven-Paris-Dudley MA: Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-1228-1.
- Davis, Leo Donald (1990). The first seven ecumenical councils (325–787): their history and theology. Liturgical Press. ISBN 0-8146-5616-1.
- Deanesly, Margaret (1969). A history of early medieval Europe, 476 to 911. Methuen young books. ISBN 0-416-29970-9.
- De Administrando Imperio. Chapter 32: "[Of the Serbs and of the country they now dwell in]". "the emperor brought elders from Rome and baptized them and taught them fairly to perform the works of piety and expounded to them the faith of the Christians".
- El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria (1999). "Muḥammad and Heraclius: A Study in Legitimacy". Studia Islamica. 62 (89). Maisonneuve & Larose: 5–21. doi:10.2307/1596083. ISSN 0585-5292. JSTOR 1596083.
- Fidler, Richard (2018). Ghost empire : a journey to the legendary Constantinople. Pegasus Books. ISBN 978-1-68177-901-0. OCLC 1023526060.
- Foss, Clive (1975). "The Persians in Asia Minor and the End of Antiquity". The English Historical Review. 90: 721–47. doi:10.1093/ehr/XC.CCCLVII.721.
- Franzius, Enno. "Heraclius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
- Frolow, Anatole (1953). "La Vraie Croix et les expéditions d'Héraclius en Perse". Revue des études byzantines. 11 (11): 88–105. doi:10.3406/rebyz.1953.1075.
- Gibbon, Edward (1994). David Womersley (ed.). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Penguin. ISBN 978-0140433937.
- Gonis, Nikolaos (2003). "Two Hermopolite Leases of the Reign of Heraclius". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 145: 203–206. JSTOR 20191718.
- Grabar, André (1984). L'Iconoclasme Byzantin: le Dossier Archéologique (in French). Flammarion. ISBN 2-08-081634-9.
- Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002). The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 363-628. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-46530-4.
- Haykal, Muhammad Husayn (1994). The Life of Muhammad. The Other Press. ISBN 978-983-9154-17-7.
- Haldon, John (1997). Byzantium in the Seventh Century: the Transformation of a Culture. Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-31917-X.
- Kaegi, Walter E. (2003). Heraclius: emperor of Byzantium. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81459-6.
- Kouymjian, Dickran (1983). "Ethnic Origins and the 'Armenian' Policy of Emperor Heraclius". Revue des Études Arméniennes. XVII.
- Kazhdan, Alexander P., ed. (1991). Cartagena. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
{{cite encyclopedia}}:|work=ignored (help) - Kazhdan, Alexander P., ed. (1991). Herakleios. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
{{cite encyclopedia}}:|work=ignored (help) - Kiilerich, Bente (2018). "The Barletta Colossos revisited". Acta Ad Archaeologiam et Artium Historiam Pertinentia. 28: 55–72. doi:10.5617/acta.5832.
- Lewis, Bernard (2002). The Arabs in History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280310-7.
- MET: "Drawing of Job and His Family Represented as Heraclius and His Family". New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
- Milani, Abbas (2004). Lost wisdom: rethinking modernity in Iran. Mage Publishers. ISBN 0-934211-89-2.
- Mitchell, Stephen (2007). A history of the later Roman Empire, AD 284–641: the transformation of the ancient world. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 1-4051-0857-6.
- Nicephorus (1990). Short history. Translated by Cyril Mango. Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN 0-88402-184-X.
- Olster, David Michael (1993). The politics of usurpation in the seventh century: rhetoric and revolution in Byzantium. A.M. Hakkert.
- Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2017). Decline and fall of the Sasanian empire : the Sasanian-Parthian confederacy and the Arab conquest of Iran. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78453-747-0. OCLC 953439586.
- Quran: "Surah Al-Rum". The Noble Quran. 2015. 30:2–4, mouse over the arabic text to see the literal translation quoted here. Archived from the original on 22 May 2015.
- Sebeos. "Chapter 29". Sebeos' History: A History of Heraclius. Translated from Old Armenian by Robert Bedrosian. History Workshop. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
- Seleznev, Nicolay (2012). Ираклий и Ишоʿйав II: Восточный эпизод в истории «экуменического» проекта византийского императора [Heraclius and Ishoʿyav II: An Eastern Episode in the History of the 'Ecumenical' Project of the Byzantine Emperor]. Символ [Symbol] (in Russian). 61: Syriaca-Arabica-Iranica. Paris-Moscow: 280–300. ISSN 0222-1292.
- Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2005). "Sasanian Dynasty". In Yarshater, Ehsan; Ashraf, Ahmad (eds.). Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.). Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
- SOAS: Swahili Manuscripts Project. "Item Record (Utenzi wa Hirqal)". London: School of Oriental and African Studies. Entry "Scope and content" is a summary of the plot of the poem. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
- Souza, Guilherme Queiroz de (2015). "Heraclius, emperor of Byzantium" (PDF). Revista Digital de Iconografía Medieval. 7 (14): 27–38.
- Spatharakis, Iohannis (1976). The portrait in Byzantine illuminated manuscripts. Brill Archive. ISBN 90-04-04783-2.
- Speck, Paul (1984). "Ikonoklasmus und die Anfänge der Makedonischen Renaissance". Varia 1 (Poikila Byzantina 4). Rudolf Halbelt. pp. 175–210.
- Theophanes the Confessor (1997). The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor. Translated by Cyril Mango; Roger Scott. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822568-7.
- Thomson, Robert W.; Howard-Johnston, James; Greenwood, Tim (1999). The Armenian history attributed to Sebeos. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 0-85323-564-3.
- Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of Byzantine State and Society. University of Stanford Press. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2.
- Weitzmann, Kurt (1979). Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0-87099-179-5.
- Zuckerman, Constantin (2013). Heraclius and the return of the Holy Cross. Travaux et mémoires. Paris: Association des amis du Centre d'histoire et civilisation de Byzance. pp. 197–218. ISBN 978-2-916716-45-9. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)
Further reading
[change | change source]- Davies, Norman (1996). Europe: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820171-0.
- El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria (2004). Byzantium viewed by the Arabs. Harvard CMES. ISBN 0-932885-30-6.
- Hovorun, Cyril (2008). Will, Action and Freedom: Christological Controversies in the Seventh Century. Leiden-Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-16666-0.
- Kazhdan, Alexander P. (1991). "Herakleios". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. pp. 916–917. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
- Meyendorff, John (1989). Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D. The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 978-0-88141-055-6.
- Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- Tarasov, Oleg (2004). Icon and Devotion: Sacred Spaces in Imperial Russia. Reaktion Books. ISBN 1-86189-118-0.
Other websites
[change | change source]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heraclius.
- "Heraclius" at De Imperatoribus Romanis (Archive) – online encyclopedia of Roman Emperors
Heraclius Born: ca. 575 Died: 11 February 641
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| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Phocas |
Byzantine emperor 610–641 with Constantine III Heraclius from 613 |
Succeeded by Constantine III and Heraclonas |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Phocas, 603, then lapsed |
Roman consul 608 with Heraclius the Elder |
Succeeded by Lapsed, then Heraclius Constantine in 613 |
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Artists | |
| People | |
| Other | |
