IMITURIRE

IGISHUSHANYO MBONERA CY'UMUJYI kizwi kandi nk'igishushanyo igenamigambi y'icyaro, ni inzira ya tekiniki na politiki yibanda ku iterambere no gushushanya imikoreshereze y'ubutaka n'ibidukikije byubatswe, birimo ikirere, amazi, n'ibikorwa remezo binyura mu mijyino hanze y’imijyi, nko gutwara abantu,itumanaho, no gukwirakwiza imiyoboro no kuyigeraho . ^[1] Ubusanzwe, igishushanyo mbonera cy'imijyi cyakurikijwe hejuru-hasi muburyo bwo gutegura igishushanyo mbonera cyimiterere yabantu. ^[2] Ikibazo cy’ibanze ni imibereho myiza y'abaturage, ^[1] cyarimo gutekereza ku mikorere, isuku, kurengera no gukoresha ibidukikije, ^[1] ndetse n’ingaruka za gahunda nyamukuru ku bikorwa by’imibereho n’ubukungu. Nyuma yigihe, igenamigambi ryimijyi ryibanze ku mibereho n’ibidukikije umurongo wibanze wibanda ku igenamigambi nkigikoresho cyo kuzamura ubuzima n’imibereho myiza y’abantu mu gihe hakomeza kubaho amahame arambye. Iterambere rirambye ryongeweho nkimwe mu ntego nyamukuru z’ibikorwa byose byateguwe mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 20 igihe ingaruka mbi z’ubukungu n’ibidukikije by’ingero zabanjirije igenamigambi zari zimaze kugaragara. , mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 21, inyandiko ya Jane Jacob yanditse ku byerekeye amategeko na politiki mu rwego rwo gushimangira inyungu z'abaturage, ubucuruzi ndetse n'abaturage byagize uruhare runini mu bategura imijyi kugira ngo bitekereze ku bunararibonye bw'abaturage ndetse n'ibikenewe mu gihe bateganya.

Igishushanyo mbonera cy'imijyi gisubiza ibibazo byukuntu abantu bazabaho, gukora no gukina mugace runaka bityo, bikayobora iterambere ryitondewe mumijyi, mu mijyi no mucyaro . Nubwo ahanini byita ku igenamigambi ry'imiturire n’abaturage, abategura imijyi nabo bashinzwe gutegura uburyo bwo gutwara neza ibicuruzwa, umutungo, abantu n’imyanda; gukwirakwiza ibikenerwa by'ibanze nk'amazi n'amashanyarazi; imyigire yo kwishyira hamwe n'amahirwe kubantu b'ingeri zose, ^[3]

Igishushanyo mbonera cy'imijyi ni urwego rutandukanye rurimo ubwubatsi, imiterere y'abantu, politiki, siyanse mbonezamubano n'ubumenyibwo gushushanya . abakora igena migambi ry'imigi bashishikajwe nubushakashatsi nisesengura, ibitekerezo byubaka,ubwubatsi , igishushanyo mbonera cyumujyi,. ^[2] Ifitanye isano rya hafi kandi bamwe mubategura imijyi batanga ibishushanyo mbonera kumihanda, parike, inyubako nizindi mijyi. ^[4] Abategura imijyi bakorana nimirima yububatsi, ubwubatsi nyaburanga, ubwubatsi bwa leta kugirango bagere ku ntego zifatika, politiki n’iterambere rirambye. Abategura imijyi yo hambere bakunze kuba abanyamuryango biyi mirima nubwo uyumunsi, igishushanyo mbonera cyumujyi ni disipuline yihariye, yigenga. Indero yo gutunganya imijyi nicyiciro cyagutse kirimo ibice bitandukanye nko gutegura imikoreshereze y'ubutaka. ^[5] Gutegura gahunda bisaba gusobanukirwa neza amategeko ahana hamwe na code ya zone ya gahunda.

Ikindi kintu cyingenzi cyerekeranye nigishushanyo mbonera cyimijyi nuko urwego rwimishinga yo gutunganya imijyi rurimo igishushanyo mbonera kinini cyibibanza byubusa cyangwa imishinga ya greenfield kimwe n’ibikorwa bito no kuvugurura inyubako zisanzwe, inyubako n’ahantu hahurira abantu benshi. ^[6]

Hariho ibimenyetso byerekana igishushanyo mbonera cy’imijyi hamwe n’ibishushanyo mbonera byaturutse mu bihe bya Mesopotamiya, Ikibaya cya Indus, Minoan, na Misiri mu kinyagihumbi cya gatatu MIC . Abacukuzi b'ibyataburuwe mu matongo biga ku matongo y’imijyi yo muri utwo turere basanga imihanda ya kaburimbo yashyizwe ku nguni iboneye mu buryo bwa gride. Igitekerezo cyahantu hateganijwe mumijyi cyahindutse uko imico itandukanye yabyemeje. Guhera mu kinyejana cya 8 MIC, ibihugu byumugi wubugereki byakoresheje cyane cyane gahunda ya orthogonal (cyangwa gride-imeze). ^[8] Hippodamusi wa Miletusi (498–408 mbere ya Yesu), umwubatsi wa kera w’Abagereki n’umushinga w’imijyi, afatwa nk '"se w’imigambi y’ibihugu by’i Burayi", hamwe n’izina rya "gahunda ya Hippodamiya" (gahunda ya gride) imiterere yumujyi. ^[9]

abanya Roma, bahumekewe n'Abagereki, na bo bakoreshaga imigambi y'imijyi yabo. Igishushanyo mbonera cy'umujyi mu isi y'Abaroma cyateguwe hagamijwe kurinda igisirikare no korohereza rubanda. Ikwirakwizwa ry'ingoma y'abaroma ryakwirakwije ibitekerezo byo gutunganya imijyi. Igihe Ingoma y'Abaroma yagabanutse, ibyo bitekerezo byazimye buhoro buhoro. Icyakora, imijyi myinshi yo mu Burayi iracyafite umujyi rwagati uteganijwe. Imijyi yo mu Burayi kuva mu kinyejana cya 9 kugeza ku cya 14, akenshi yakuze mu buryo bw'umubiri ndetse rimwe na rimwe akajagari. Ariko mu binyejana byakurikiyeho hamwe no kuza kwa Renaissance imijyi mishya mishya yaguwe niyongerwa rishya. Kuva mu kinyejana cya 15 ,, hari byinshi byanditse ku gishushanyo mbonera cy'imijyi n'abantu babigizemo uruhare.

Igenamigambi n'ubwubatsi byanyuze muri paradigima mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20. Imijyi yateye imbere mu kinyejana cya 19 yateye imbere ku buryo butangaje. Ibibi byubuzima bwo mumijyi kubakene bakora byagendaga bigaragara nkikibazo rusange. Uburyo bwa laissez-faire bwo kuyobora leta mu bukungu, mu myambarire mu bihe byinshi bya victoria, bwari butangiye guha inzira Liberalism Nshya yashyigikiye gutabara ku bakene n’abatishoboye. Ahagana mu 1900, abahanga mu bya tewolojiya batangiye gushyiraho uburyo bwo gutunganya imijyi kugirango bagabanye ingaruka z’imyaka , baha abaturage, cyane abakozi bo mu ruganda, ibidukikije byiza. Ikinyejana cyakurikiyeho rero cyaba cyiganjemo isi yose uburyo bwo gutegura igenamigambi rusange kubijyanye nigishushanyo mbonera cy’imijyi, ntabwo byanze bikunze byerekana ubwiyongere muri rusange muri rusange.

Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, igishushanyo mbonera cy'imijyi cyatangiye kumenyekana nk'umwuga wihariye.ishyirahamwe ry'imitunganyirize ry'imigi y'igihugu. Mu myaka ya za 1920, ibitekerezo byamodernisme nuburinganire byatangiye kugaragara mugutegura imijyi, bikomeza kugeza muri za 1970. Mu 1933, Le Corbusier yerekanye Umujyi wa Radiant, umujyi ukura mu buryo bw'iminara, nk'igisubizo ku kibazo cy'umwanda ndetse n'abantu benshi. Ariko abategura benshi batangiye kwizera ko ibitekerezo bya modernisme mugutegura imijyi byatumye umubare munini wibyaha nibibazo byimibereho.

abategura imijyi bahinduye buhoro buhoro kwibanda kubantu no gutandukana mumijyi. ^[10]

Abategura imijyi biga ku ngaruka ziterwa no kwiyongera kw’imidugudu mu mijyi batangiye gukemura ibibazo byo hanze, ingaruka mbi ziterwa no guterwa na sisitemu nini mu bihugu by’iburengerazuba nko muri Amerika. Igenamigambi rishya ryateguye ryemeje imyumvire idasanzwe nka Zone yubururu n’uturere dushya kugira ngo dushyiremo uturere tw’umujyi twemerera iterambere ry’ubucuruzi bushya no gushyira imbere ibikorwa remezo byafasha mu kuzamura imibereho y’abaturage mu kwagura ubuzima bwabo. .

London yatangiye kwishyuza imodoka nyinshi zagerageje kugera ahantu huzuye abantu muri uyu mujyi. ^[11] Imijyi muri iki gihe ishimangira akamaro ko kunyura mu magare no gusiganwa ku magare mu gufata iyo politiki.

Igenamigambi ni umubiri wibitekerezo bya siyansi, ibisobanuro, isano yimyitwarire, hamwe nibitekerezo bisobanura umubiri wubumenyi bwo gutunganya imijyi. Hano hari amahame umunani yuburyo bukurikirana igenamigambi rikomeza kuba amahame yingenzi yuburyo bwo gutegura igenamigambi muri iki gihe ^[12]

Igishushanyo mbonera cy'imijyi gikubiyemo tekiniki nka: guhanura ubwiyongere bw'abaturage, uturere, gushushanya amakarita n'isesengura ry'akarere, gusesengura umwanya wa parike, gukora ubushakashatsi ku itangwa ry'amazi, kumenya uburyo bwo gutwara abantu, kumenya ibikenerwa mu gutanga ibiribwa, gutanga ubuvuzi na serivisi z'imibereho, no gusesengura ingaruka zikoreshwa ry'ubutaka.

Abategura bakoresha uburyo butandukanye. Izi ngero zirashobora gukoreshwa kugirango zerekane umubano nuburyo muri demokarasi, geografiya, nubukungu. Bashobora gukemura ibibazo byigihe gito nkukuntu abantu banyura mumijyi, cyangwa ibibazo birebire nko gukoresha ubutaka no kuzamuka. ^[13] Imwe muri ubwo buryo ni uburyo bwa jewogarafia (GIS) ikoreshwa mugukora icyitegererezo cyimigambi ihari hanyuma mugushinga ingaruka zizaza muri societe, ubukungu nibidukikije.

Uko imijyi yubatswe kandi ikoreshwa kuva kurwego rwumuntu. ^[14] Uburyo bukurikizwa bukubiyemo akarere ka leta, uruhushya rwo gutegura igenamigambi, hamwe n’amategeko agenga imyubakire, ^[1] kimwe n’ibikorwa byigenga n'amasezerano abuza . ^[15]

Bategura gahunda yo guteza imbere no gucunga imijyi niyumujyi, mubisanzwe isesengura imikoreshereze yubutaka kimwe nubukungu, ibidukikije n’imibereho. Mugutezimbere gahunda iyo ari yo yose yabaturage (yaba iy'ubucuruzi, iy'abatuye, iy'ubuhinzi, iy'imyidagaduro cyangwa imyidagaduro), abategura imijyi bagomba gusuzuma ibibazo byinshi birimo kuramba,umwanda uhari kandi ushobora guhungabana,ubwikorezi burimo ubwinshi bw’imivurungano,ubugizi bwa nabi, indangagaciro z’ubutaka, iterambere ry’ubukungu, uburinganire bwimibereho, amategeko agenga uturere, nandi mategeko.

kubera ko sosiyete igezweho itangira guhura n’ibibazo by’ubwiyongere bw’abaturage, imihindagurikire y’ikirere n’iterambere ridashoboka. ^[16] Igishushanyo mbonera cyumujyi gishobora gufatwa nkicyatsi kibisi . ^[17]

ihuza imijyi n'imico yabo. ^[18] Nyamara, abanyamwuga bagaragaje ubuhanga, ubushobozi nubumenyi bwibanze buhuriweho nabategura imijyi hakurya yigihugu ndetse nakarere. ^{[19] [20] [21]}

Imikorere y'isoko itanga imikoreshereze myiza yubutaka. ^[22] ubwinshi bw’ibitekerezo bya politiki buvuga mu buryo busa ko guverinoma idakwiye kwivanga mu marushanwa ya politiki hagati y’imitwe itandukanye ihitamo uko ubutaka bukoreshwa. ^[22] Impamvu gakondo yo gusobanura imijyi yashubije ko uwateguye akorera umujyi ibyo injeniyeri cyangwa umwubatsi akorera urugo, ni ukuvuga ko bituma arushaho kuba mwiza kubyo abaturage bakeneye ndetse nibyifuzo byabo. ^[22]

Gushaka guhuza ibyifuzo bitandukanye mu baturage cyanenzwe kuba gishingiye ku nzego z’ingufu z’abaturage. ^[23] Ahubwo, Organisme yatanzwe nkurwego rwo gufata ibyemezo byo gutunganya imijyi. ^[23]

urwego rwitabira ryabaturage "ni kenshi rukoreshwa nabashinzwe gutegura imijyi hamwe na leta zumujyi kugirango bamenye urwego rudahwitse cyangwa rudasanzwe rwimigambi yabo. Imwe mu nkomoko nyamukuru yo kwishora hagati yabayobozi bumugi nabahatuye ni inama zinama njyanama zumujyi zifungura abaturage kandi zakira ibitekerezo byabaturage. Byongeye kandi, hari ibisabwa na federasiyo kugira ngo abaturage bagire uruhare mu mishinga remezo iterwa inkunga na leta.

Benshi mubategura imijyi nibigo bishinzwe igenamigambi bashingira kubitekerezo byabaturage muri politiki zabo na gahunda zakarere. Uburyo uruhare rwabaturage rushobora kugenwa nuburyo amajwi yabanyamuryango yumvikana kandi ashyirwa mubikorwa.

Igenamigambi ritegura igishushanyo mbonera ^[24] Muri icyo gihe, igenamigambi ryitabira ryatangiye kwinjira murwego rwiterambere, hamwe nibiranga gahunda. Hariho abantu benshi bazwi bategura imijyi nabaharanira inyungu akazi kabo korohereza kandi bagashiraho gahunda yo kwitabira gahunda.