Klorokuin

Klorokuin
Data klinis
Palafalan	/ˈklɔːrəkwiːn/
Namo dagang	Aralen, lainnyo
Namo lain	Chloroquine phosphate
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
Lisensi data	US DailyMed: Chloroquine; US FDA: Chloroquine;
Kode ATC	P01BA01 (WHO) ;
Status legal
Status legal	UK: P (Pharmacy medicines) ; US: ℞-only ;
Farmakokinetik data
Metabolisme	Liver
Eliminasi wakatu paruah	1-2 bulan
Pangenal
	Namo IUPAC (RS)-N'-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)-N,N-diethyl-pentane-1,4-diamine
Nomor CAS	54-05-7 ;
PubChem CID	2719;
IUPHAR/BPS	5535;
DrugBank	DB00608 ;
ChemSpider	2618 ;
UNII	886U3H6UFF;
KEGG	D02366 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:3638 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL76 ;
NIAID ChemDB	000733;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID2040446 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.175
Data kimia jo fisika
Formula	C18H26ClN3
Molar mass	319,872 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Gambar interaktif;
	SMILES Clc1cc2nccc(c2cc1)NC(C)CCCN(CC)CC
	InChI InChI=1S/C18H26ClN3/c1-4-22(5-2)12-6-7-14(3)21-17-10-11-20-18-13-15(19)8-9-16(17)18/h8-11,13-14H,4-7,12H2,1-3H3,(H,20,21) ; Key:WHTVZRBIWZFKQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
(verify)

Klorokuin adolah ubek nan biaso dipakai untuak maubek malaria di daerah nan masih sensitif jo efeknyo.^[1] Babarapo jinih malaria ataupun babarapo daerah alah resisten (indak sensitif; indak manjua) jo ubek ko sainggo paralu ubek lain.^[1] Indonesia surang dilaporkan alah resistensi klorokuin dalam maubek malaria.^[2] Salain untuak malaria, ubek ko baguno juo untuak amebiasis (infeksi amuba) di lua usus, rematoid artritis (rematik), jo lupus.^[1] Untuak ibu hamil, ubek ko relatif aman.^[1]^[3] Pado taun 2020, ubek ko ditaliti juo sabagai ubek COVID-19.^[4]

Indikasi

Distribusi daerah endemis malaria di dunia:^[5] ♦ Paningkekan kajadian malariaa resisten klorokuin jo banyak ubek antimalaria ♦ Kajadian malaria resisten klorokuin ♦ Indak ado kajadian *Plasmodium falciparum* atau resisten klorokuin ♦ Indak endemis malaria

Klorokuin alah lamo dipakai untuak maubek sarato maambek malaria dari jinih Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, jo Plasmodium malariae.^[6]^[7] Namun, di daerah tatantu ubek ko indak dipakai walau dek malaria jinih tasabuik dek alah indak manjua (resisten) sainggo tiok daerah nan endemis malaria paralu rutin mamareso kaefektifan ubek ko.^[8] Salain itu CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) marekomendasikan untuak indak lai manggunokan klorokuin sacaro tungga, tapimusti dikombinasikan jo ubek lain supayo efektif.^[9]

Salain untuak malaria, klorokuin dapek dipakai untuak maubek panyakik lainnyo, cando amebiasis jo panyakik rematik. Pado amebiasis atau infeksi dek parasit amuba, klorokuin manjadi piliahan katiko ubek metronidazol atau nan sagolongan jo inyo indak efektif salamo limo ari.^[10] Samantaro pado panyakik rematik, klorokuin sacaro ringan dapek manakan sistem imun nan bakarajo sacaro bakalabiahan. ^[1]

Efek sampiang

Efek sampiang nan didapek dari klorokuin di antaronyo mato buram, mual, muntah, paruik managang, sakik kapalo, mancoro, bangkak di kaki, sasak angok, kulik pucek, lamah otot, pardarahan, gangguan pandangaran jo jiwa.^[11]^[12] Klorokuin juo dapek mamunculkan raso sarupo paik sarupo logam di lidah^[13] sarato kalainan irama jantuang sarupo datak jantuang malambek inggo gagal jantuang.^[14] Dapek pulo tajadi kakurangan komponen darah sainggo pamakaian ubek ko paralu pamantauan dotor.^[15]

Pado ibu nan manganduang, ubek ko indak manunjuakan potensi bahayo pado janin nan dikanduang sainggo masih dapek diagiah sabagai ubek paambek malaria. Adopulo sajumlah kaciak klorokuin nan kalua malalui aia susu ibu. Walau baitu, masih aman untuak anak.^[16]

Panalitian kini ko

Pado akhia bulan Januari 2020, panaliti Cino manyimpulkan baso pado panalitiannyo klorokuin nampaknyo cukui maambek efek buruak dari virus SARS-CoV-2 virus.^[17] Otoritas kasihatan di Cino, Korea Selatan, jo Italia marekomendasikan panggunoannyo pado pasien untuak maubek sacaro eksperimental.^[18]^[19] Dilaporkan juo baso ubek ko dikontraindikasikan pado pasien jo gangguan jantuang atau diabetes.^[20]

Rujuakan

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Aralen Phosphate". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 8 December 2015. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2020.
↑ "5.5.1 Antimalaria | PIO Nas". pionas.pom.go.id. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-04-04. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-05.
↑ "Chloroquine Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 April 2019. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2020. There are no controlled data in human pregnancies.
↑ Cortegiani A, Ingoglia G, Ippolito M, Giarratano A, Einav S (March 2020). "A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19". Journal of Critical Care. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.03.005. PMID 32173110.
↑ "Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): If I get malaria, will I have it for the rest of my life?". US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. February 8, 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 13, 2012. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2020.
↑ "Antimalarial multi-drug resistance in Asia: mechanisms and assessment". Malaria: Drugs, Disease and Post-genomic Biology. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 295. 2 Desember 2005. pp. 39–53. doi:10.1007/3-540-29088-5_2. ISBN 3-540-25363-7. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7501904.
↑ "Antimalarial drug resistance in Africa: strategies for monitoring and deterrence". Malaria: Drugs, Disease and Post-genomic Biology. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 295. 2 Desember 2005. pp. 55–79. doi:10.1007/3-540-29088-5_3. ISBN 3-540-25363-7. https://archive.org/details/malariadrugsdise0000unse/page/55.
↑ "Chloroquine phosphate tablet – chloroquine phosphate tablet, coated". dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 8 December 2015. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2020.
↑ CDC. Health information for international travel 2001–2002. Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 2001.
↑ Amebic Hepatic Abscesses di eMedicine
↑ "Drugs & Medications". www.webmd.com. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2020.
↑ "Chloroquine Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term". Drugs.com. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2020.
↑ Vaziri A, Warburton B (1994). "Slow release of chloroquine phosphate from multiple taste-masked W/O/W multiple emulsions". Journal of Microencapsulation. 11 (6): 641–8. doi:10.3109/02652049409051114. PMID 7884629.
↑ Tönnesmann E, Kandolf R, Lewalter T (June 2013). "Chloroquine cardiomyopathy – a review of the literature". Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 35 (3): 434–42. doi:10.3109/08923973.2013.780078. PMID 23635029.
↑ "Aralen Chloroquine Phosphate, USP" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 25 March 2020. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2020.
↑ "Malaria – Chapter 3 – 2016 Yellow Book". wwwnc.cdc.gov. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 January 2016. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2020.
↑ Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, et al. (March 2020). "Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro". Cell Research. 30 (3): 269–271. doi:10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0. PMC 7054408 . PMID 32020029.
↑ "Physicians work out treatment guidelines for coronavirus". m.koreabiomed.com (dalam bahasa Korea). 2020-02-13. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 17 March 2020. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2020.
↑ "Azioni intraprese per favorire la ricerca e l'accesso ai nuovi farmaci per il trattamento del COVID-19". aifa.gov.it (dalam bahasa Italia). Diakses tanggal 1 April 2020.
↑ "Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine sulfate) dose, indications, adverse effects, interactions... from PDR.net". www.pdr.net. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 18 March 2020. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2020.

[AHFS2015-1] "Aralen Phosphate". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 8 December 2015. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2020.

[2] "5.5.1 Antimalaria | PIO Nas". pionas.pom.go.id. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-04-04. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-05.

[3] "Chloroquine Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 April 2019. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2020. There are no controlled data in human pregnancies.

[Cor2020-4] Cortegiani A, Ingoglia G, Ippolito M, Giarratano A, Einav S (March 2020). "A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19". Journal of Critical Care. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.03.005. PMID 32173110.

[CDC_Malaria-5] "Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): If I get malaria, will I have it for the rest of my life?". US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. February 8, 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 13, 2012. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2020.

[6] "Antimalarial multi-drug resistance in Asia: mechanisms and assessment". Malaria: Drugs, Disease and Post-genomic Biology. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 295. 2 Desember 2005. pp. 39–53. doi:10.1007/3-540-29088-5_2. ISBN 3-540-25363-7. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7501904.

[7] "Antimalarial drug resistance in Africa: strategies for monitoring and deterrence". Malaria: Drugs, Disease and Post-genomic Biology. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 295. 2 Desember 2005. pp. 55–79. doi:10.1007/3-540-29088-5_3. ISBN 3-540-25363-7. https://archive.org/details/malariadrugsdise0000unse/page/55.

[8] "Chloroquine phosphate tablet – chloroquine phosphate tablet, coated". dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 8 December 2015. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2020.

[9] CDC. Health information for international travel 2001–2002. Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 2001.

[10] Amebic Hepatic Abscesses di eMedicine

[:3-11] "Drugs & Medications". www.webmd.com. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2020.

[:4-12] "Chloroquine Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term". Drugs.com. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2020.

[13] Vaziri A, Warburton B (1994). "Slow release of chloroquine phosphate from multiple taste-masked W/O/W multiple emulsions". Journal of Microencapsulation. 11 (6): 641–8. doi:10.3109/02652049409051114. PMID 7884629.

[Tönnesmann2013-14] Tönnesmann E, Kandolf R, Lewalter T (June 2013). "Chloroquine cardiomyopathy – a review of the literature". Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 35 (3): 434–42. doi:10.3109/08923973.2013.780078. PMID 23635029.

[:1-15] "Aralen Chloroquine Phosphate, USP" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 25 March 2020. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2020.

[:2-16] "Malaria – Chapter 3 – 2016 Yellow Book". wwwnc.cdc.gov. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 January 2016. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2020.

[17] Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, et al. (March 2020). "Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro". Cell Research. 30 (3): 269–271. doi:10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0. PMC 7054408 . PMID 32020029.

[18] "Physicians work out treatment guidelines for coronavirus". m.koreabiomed.com (dalam bahasa Korea). 2020-02-13. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 17 March 2020. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2020.

[:02-19] "Azioni intraprese per favorire la ricerca e l'accesso ai nuovi farmaci per il trattamento del COVID-19". aifa.gov.it (dalam bahasa Italia). Diakses tanggal 1 April 2020.

[20] "Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine sulfate) dose, indications, adverse effects, interactions... from PDR.net". www.pdr.net. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 18 March 2020. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2020.

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