Airbus Zephyr

Zephyr
An artist's impression of the UAV
Role	high-altitude platform station Type of aircraft
National origin	United Kingdom
Manufacturer	Airbus Defence and Space
Design group	initially Qinetiq
First flight	December 2005[1]
Introduction	2024 (planned)[2]
Status	Under development

The Zephyr is a series of high-altitude platform station aircraft produced by Airbus. They were designed originally by QinetiQ, a commercial offshoot of the UK Ministry of Defence. In July 2010, the Zephyr 7 flew for 14 days. In March 2013, the project was sold to Airbus Defence and Space. In the summer of 2022, the Zephyr 8/S flew for 64 days.

The unmanned aerial vehicles are powered by solar cells, recharging batteries in daylight to stay aloft at night. The latest Zephyr 8/S weighs 60 kg (130 lb), has a wingspan of 25 m (82 ft), can reach 23,200 m (76,100 ft) and can lift a 5 kg (11 lb) payload for months. They can be used for mobile phone coverage, environmental monitoring, military reconnaissance or as a communications relay.

In 2003, QinetiQ, a commercial offshoot of the UK Ministry of Defence, was planning to fly its Zephyr 3 up to 40 km at 70 m/s (250 km/h; 140 kn), after being released from a high-altitude balloon at 9 km, besting the NASA Helios which had reached 29 km.^[3] It was envisionned as an alternative to space satellites, stationed permanently in the stratosphere for environmental monitoring, mobile phone coverage or military applications.^[3] The QinetiQ 1 balloon altitude record attempt failed in 2003.^[4]

In February 2005, Qinetiq was preparing a demonstration above 30,000 ft for the UK Ministry of Defence at the Woomera Test Range in Australia, for reconnaissance or as a communications relay.^[4]

Between 28 and 31 July 2008, in a demonstration for the US military at its Yuma Proving Ground in Arizona, the Zephyr 6 flew for 82 hours and 37 minutes, an unofficial record as the FAI wasn't involved.^[5]

On 23 July 2010, the Zephyr 7 took the FAI-sanctioned duration record after a 336 hours (14 days), 22 min and 8 s flight,^[6] reaching 21,562 m (70,741 ft).^[7] It exceeded the nine days (216 hours) of the 1986 round-the-world flight of the Rutan Voyager.^[8]

In March 2013, the project was sold to EADS Astrium (now Airbus Defence and Space).^[9]

In 2014 it flew for 11 days in the short days of winter whilst carrying a small payload for the British Ministry of Defence,^[10] and later near civilian airspace.^[11]

In February 2016, the UK Ministry of Defence purchased two Zephyr 8 planes.^[12] In August 2016, a third was purchased.^[13]

In 2016, a twin-tailed Zephyr T variant, providing a maritime surveillance and communications capability, was scheduled for flight testing in 2018.^[14]

In summer 2018, for its maiden flight from Arizona, the Zephyr S remained aloft for 25 days 23 hours 57 minutes, nearly twice as long as the previous record flight of 14 days set by its predecessor.^[15] By October 2021, it had flown 2,435 hours.^[16]

On 15 June 2022, the Zephyr S took off in Arizona, venturing for the first time into international airspace and over water.^[17] On 19 August, the plane was lost over the Arizona desert after a flight time of 64 days.^{[citation needed]} It covered 56,000 km over the southern United States, the Gulf of Mexico, and South America.^[18]

The aircraft was lost when one engine component (redesigned since) failed in an unusual high-altitude storm turbulence at 17 km.^[2] By early 2023, Airbus planned to launch operations from the end of 2024 with around 18 aircraft.^[2] By 2034, a 1,000 aircraft constellation could cover 2.9 billion people, and would provide emergency 4G/5G following natural disasters.^[2] The larger Zephyr variant, with twice the payload capacity, is expected for 2026.^[2]

In January 2023, the Aalto HAPS company was set up by Airbus to sell its mobile connectivity and earth observation services.^[19] In June 2024, a Japanese consortium led by NTT Docomo and Space Compass committed to invest USD$100m in AALTO to commercialise connectivity HAPS services in Asia, targeting a 2026 introduction.^[20]

The 12 m (39 ft) wide aircraft had a carbon composite frame to weigh 12 kg (26 lb), and 1 kW of solar cells powering five motors.^[3]

The carbon fiber Zephyr 6 has a 18 m (59 ft) span and weighs 30–34 kg (70 lb) for a 2 kg (4.5 lb) payload.^[5] Amorphous silicon solar cells from Unisolar recharge lithium-sulphur batteries from Sion Corporation with twice the energy density of the best alternative, lithium polymer batteries.^[5] Launched by hand, it can reach 18 km (60,000 ft).^[5] The first version had a battery capacity of 3 kW·h, driving two propellers.^[21]

Zephyr 7 was larger, at 53 kg,^[22] and capable of a maximum altitude between 20 and 21 km,^[23] it required five ground crew to launch, as opposed to three previously for the Zephyr 6.^[24]

Designed to fly at 20 km (65,000 ft) for more than a month, the 25 m (82 ft) wide Zephyr 8 is 30% lighter and can lift 50% more batteries than the Zephyr 7.^[25] It weighs 60 kg, 40% of which are batteries (24 kg), and the 5 kg payload can transmit video with a 50 cm resolution from above 20 km.^[12] They should be able to operate year-round between 40 degrees North and South, while winter operation gets more difficult at higher latitudes.^[12]

It used Amprius lithium-ion batteries with silicon nanowire anodes for a 435 Wh/kg specific energy up from 300–320 Wh/kg.^[26] Solar cells are high-efficiency, lightweight, and flexible inverted metamorphic multi-junction epitaxial lift-off GaAs sheets manufactured by MicroLink Devices, with specific power exceeding 1,500 W/kg and areal powers greater than 350 W/m².^[27]

One Zephyr can replace 250 cell phone towers.^[28] It can be used to perform intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) with a wide visual payload coverage of 20×30 km (12.4×18.6 mi) and can be equipped with radar, LIDAR and infrared technologies.^[17]

Endurance is targeted for up to 200–300 days.^[2] An 8 kg (17.6 lb) mobile connectivity payload can serve up to 100,000 people on the ground.^[2] A 5 kg Airbus-developed Opaz optical sensor can deliver 18 cm-resolution imagery.^[2]

Airbus-QinetiQ Zephyr^[29]

Model	Span	Weight	Ceiling	Endurance	Payload
Zephyr 4	12 m (39 ft)	17 kg (37 lb)	9 140 m (30 000 ft)	6 h
Zephyr 5	16 m (52 ft)	31 kg (68 lb)	11 000 m (36 000 ft)	18 h
Zephyr 6	18 m (59 ft)	30 kg (66 lb)	18 300 m (60 000 ft)	87 h	2 kg (4.4 lb)
Zephyr 7	22,5 m (74 ft)	53 kg (117 lb)	21 000 m (69 000 ft)	336 h	5 kg (11 lb)
Zephyr 8/S	25 m (82 ft)	62-65 kg (137-143 lb)	23,200 m (76,100 ft)[16]	624 h	5 kg (11 lb)
Zephyr T	32 m (105 ft)	145 kg (320 lb)			20 kg (44 lb)

As of August 2022^[update], three hull losses have been reported:

• March 2019, Wyndham, Western Australia^[30]
• 28 September 2019, Wyndham, Western Australia, during the first flight after the first incident in March 2019^[31][30]
• 19 August 2022, Arizona, just before breaking the record for the longest flight of any aircraft (a total of 64 days)^{[citation needed]}

• NASA Pathfinder (First flew in June 1983)
• NASA Centurion (First flight 10 November 1998)
• NASA/AeroVironment Helios Prototype (First flight 8 September 1999)
• Facebook Aquila (First flight 28 June 2016)
• SoftBank/AeroVironment HAPSMobile (First flight 11 September 2019)
• BAE Systems PHASA-35 (First flight 17 February 2020)
• Solar-powered aircraft

• Official website
• Ben Sampson (17 July 2018). "Zephyr S high-altitude persistent drone could achieve 100-day flight during tests". Aerospace Testing International.