Imperator-class ocean liner

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Photograph of the three former Imperator-class liners from left to right: SS Leviathan (former SS Vaterland), RMS Majestic (former SS Bismarck), and RMS Berengaria (former SS Imperator), photographed side by side in Southampton, England
Class overview
Builders	Imperator: AG Vulcan Stettin, Germany Vaterland/Majestic: Blohm+Voss, Hamburg, Germany
Built	1912–1914
In service	1913–1946
Planned	3
Completed	3
Lost	1
Retired	2
General characteristics
Type	Ocean liner
Tonnage	52,117 - 56,551 GRT
Length	906–956 ft (276–291 m)
Beam	98 ft 3 in (29.9 m) to 100 ft 1 in (30.5 m)
Draught	35 ft 2 in (10.7 m) to 37 ft 9 in (11.5 m)
Decks	11

The Imperator-class was a series of three large ocean liners designed and built for the Hamburg America Line (HAPAG). Envisaged by HAPAG chairman, Albert Ballin, the three ships - Imperator, launched in 1912; Vaterland, launched in 1913; and Bismarck, launched in 1914 - each displaced over 50,000 tons, with each successively holding the title of the world's largest passenger ship. All three were interred by the United States during the First World War, and were turned over to the Allies as reparations following the war's end.

The Hamburg America Line was one of two German shipping companies which operated transatlantic crossings, the other being North German Lloyd. The latter had had much success with the advent of their so-called Kaiser-class ocean liners, the first of which was the Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse. Lloyd soon had a fleet of four liners with weekly transatlantic crossings on offer. By the turn of the century, HAPAG had only one flagship the Deutschland. Though successful, the Deutschland could not rival the "Four Flyers" owned by Lloyd. HAPAG soon added the Kaiserin Auguste Viktoria to their fleet which was the largest ship in the world at its launch in August 1906. British competition was also fierce, Cunard's Lusitania launched in 1906 followed by her sister Mauretania were an instant success and by 1910, the new Olympic-class ocean liners of White Star were nearing completion.

Laid down on 18 June 1910, Imperator would be the largest ship in the world by the time it was completed in June 1913. The title of world's largest ship would be taken from White Star Line's RMS Olympic by a significant margin. Praised for having spacious interiors, Imperator would suffer from stability issues, as it had been discovered that her center of gravity was too high. A refit in October 1913 would attempt to resolve the issue by reducing the height of the funnels and replacing heavy furniture. Imperator's service to Germany would not last long as World War I saw her laid up at Hamburg. She remained inactive for the entirety of the war. After the Armistice of 11 November 1918, Imperator was seized by the U.S. and tasked with bringing American service personnel home from France.^[1] Following her service as USS Imperator (ID-4080), she was transferred to the Cunard Line to replace the RMS Lusitania which sank in 1915. After a number of overhauls, Imperator was renamed after the English queen Berengaria of Naverre, in February 1921. Berengaria then became the flagship of the Cunard fleet, serving out a long career. After numerous electrical fires caused by aging wiring, Berengaria was set to be scrapped in 1938. She was completely demolished by 1946 due to the outbreak of World War II.

Being the second member of the Imperator-class, Vaterland significantly improved upon the design of her elder sister Imperator. Launched on 3 April 1913, she would take the title of world's largest ship when completed on 29 April 1914.

She served successfully throughout the 1920s but the onset of the Great Depression made her increasingly unprofitable. She managed to struggle through the first half of the 1930s before being sold off for scrapping to Thos. W. Ward. The British Admiralty took possession of her before demolition commenced after an agreement was reached with White Star and Thomas Ward. She served the Royal Navy as the training ship HMS Caledonia before catching fire in 1939 and sinking. She was subsequently raised and scrapped in 1943. She never operated under the name Bismarck.

• 
  USS Imperator (ID-4080), at left, and USS Leviathan (ID-1326) at Hoboken, New Jersey.
• 
  The SS Imperator of the Hamburg America Line after A.F. Bishop
• 
  RMS Majestic and RMS Berengaria, Southampton 1922
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  USS Leviathan being used to transport American troops, Brest, France, May 30, 1918
• 
  RMS Majestic being converted into HMS Caledonia

• Mark A. Russell: Steamship Nationalism: Ocean Liners and National Identity in Imperial Germany and the Atlantic World. Routledge Studies in Modern European History, Routledge New York, NY, 2020. ISBN 978-0-367-13643-7.

• Media related to Imperator class ocean liners at Wikimedia Commons
• Imperator Class Liners-Germany's Big Three on YouTube

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