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Foreign policy of the second Donald Trump administration

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This article is about the foreign policy positions and actions of Donald Trump as President of the United States since 2025. For the positions expressed by Donald Trump as president during his first term, see Foreign policy of the first Donald Trump administration.

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The foreign policy of the second Donald Trump administration has been described as imperialist and expansionist.[1][2][3] Trump, historians, and commentators have frequently compared it to the policy of former president William McKinley in relation to expansionism and tariffs.[4][5][6]

Timeline of notable events

[edit]

2025

[edit]

Within his first week of office, Trump signed a series of executive orders which had reversed many of those made by the previous administration. These included actions to withdraw the U.S. from the World Health Organization and the Paris Agreement, reversing the removal of Cuba's designation as a state sponsor of terror, reversed sanctions on Israeli settlements, designated Mexican drug cartels as terrorist organizations, attempting to end birthright citizenship, delayed the US government's ban of TikTok by 75 days, and declared a national emergency on the southern border.[7][8]

Appointments

[edit]
Further information: Second cabinet of Donald Trump
Second Trump administration foreign policy personnel
Vice President Vance
(2025–present)
White House Chief of Staff Wiles
(2025–present)
Secretary of State Kenna
(2025) 		Rubio
(2025–present)
Secretary of Defense Salesses
(2025) 		Hegseth
(2025–present)
Ambassador to the United Nations Shea
(2025–present)
Director of National Intelligence Dixon
(2025) 		Shiao
(2025–present)
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Sylvester
(2025) 		Ratcliffe
(2025–present)
National Security Advisor Waltz
(2025–present)
Deputy National Security Advisor Wong
(2025–present)
Trade Representative Millán
(2025–present)

Americas

[edit]

Argentina

[edit]
Further information: Argentina–United States relations
President-elect Trump meeting with Argentine president Javier Milei at Mar-a-Lago, alongside Elon Musk and Karina Milei.

On November 14, 2024, Argentine president Javier Milei headed to Florida to meet with Trump at Mar-a-Lago.[9] He was the first foreign head of state to travel to the United States after Trump's victory and to meet the president-elect.[10] A right-wing libertarian economist, Milei had previously shown his fervent support for Donald Trump and his politics, wanting to strengthen diplomatic and economic ties between Argentina and the Western world. In a call following the election results, Trump called Milei his "favorite president" in response according to reports.[10] The president of Argentina gave a speech at a CPAC summit in Miami.[11] Milei also met with Department of Government Efficiency planned-directors Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy to advise them on their goal to "dismantle bureaucracy", cut government spending and reorganize the federal personnel.[10][12]

Brazil

[edit]
Further information: Brazil–United States relations

Former president Jair Bolsonaro was invited to the inauguration, however the Judicial System of Brazil denied him the permission to attend. He appealed.[13]

Chile

[edit]
Further information: Chile–United States relations

During Donald Trump's second administration, U.S. foreign policy in Latin America is focused on countering China's influence in the region, particularly in the context of strategic trade infrastructure. A notable example is the emphasis placed on strengthening ties with Chile, specifically through potential investments in the modernization of the Port of San Antonio in Valparaíso. This initiative was framed as a strategic counterbalance to the Chinese-financed megaproject at the Port of Chancay in Peru.[14] U.S. investors, facilitated by the Development Finance Corporation, were set to visit Chile to assess opportunities for technological and infrastructural development. Meanwhile, reports suggested that the Trump administration considered imposing tariffs of up to 60% on goods exported from the Chancay port, reflecting its broader strategy to support allies like Chile in the face of China's expanding footprint in Latin America. These developments occurred amidst high-level diplomatic engagements between Chilean and U.S. officials, underscoring shared interests in enhancing Pacific trade networks.[15]

Trump appointed Brandon Judd as the United States ambassador to Chile.[16][17] Judd was a member of the United States Border Patrol, serving as president of the National Border Patrol Council union,[18] and is a supporter of building the border wall.[19] In 2025, Chile has an illegal immigration crisis.[20]

Colombia

[edit]
Further information: Colombia–United States relations

In January 2025, a dispute arose between Colombia and the United States after Colombian president Gustavo Petro refused to allow two U.S. military aircraft carrying deported Colombian nationals to land. Each flight was carrying approximately 80 Colombian deportees. In response, President Trump imposed emergency 25% tariffs on all Colombian imports, implemented travel bans and visa revocations for Colombian government officials, and implemented enhanced customs and border protection inspections for all Colombian nationals and cargo from Colombia. According to CNN, this was the first instance of "Trump using economic pressure to force other nations to fall in line with his mass deportation plans since he took office."[21][22] Trump said he would double the tariffs to 50% in one week if Petro did not reverse his decision.[23] The government did not go ahead with these plans after Colombia agreed to accept deported migrants without restrictions.[24] Diplomats from both countries reached a deal which has seen Colombia send its own air force planes to collect the migrants, a process that Petro said ensured they were treated "with dignity" and without being handcuffed.[25][26] The U.S. government did make concessions to Colombia by agreeing not to handcuff and photograph the deportees, and dispatching Homeland Security staffers, instead of military officers, as flight escorts.[27]

Cuba

[edit]
Further information: Cuba–United States relations

In one of his first acts of his second administration, President Trump reinstated Cuba as a state sponsors of terrorism, reversing an action made by President Biden in the weeks prior in exchange for political prisoners. He also restored a list of "restricted entities" established during his first administration. President Miguel Díaz-Canel referred to the moves as "an act of arrogance and disregard for truth."[28][29]

Later in January 2025, Trump announced he would use the Guantanamo Bay detention camp as a holding facility for up to 30,000 criminal migrants amidst his administration's efforts of mass deportation across the United States. Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth specified that the facility would be run by the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement and will be used as "temporary transit" in order to "humanely move illegals...back to the countries where they came from in a proper process."[30]

Asia

[edit]

China

[edit]
Further information: China–United States relations

Just before Trump's second inauguration, Vice President Vance and ally Elon Musk each held separate meetings with China's vice president Han Zheng, who was in Washington attending the event as China's president Xi Jinping's special representative.[31] Han's presence at the event was seen by commentators as representative of Xi's interest in strengthening China–United States relations under Trump's tenure.[32][33]

Europe

[edit]
President-elect Trump meets with French president Emmanuel Macron and Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy during the reopening of Notre-Dame on December 7, 2024.

During his election campaign, Trump said that European allies "treat us actually worse than our so-called enemies". He added, "We protect them and then they screw us on trade. We're not going to let it happen anymore". He vowed to impose tariffs on trade partners including those in Europe, which economists said could spark trade wars.[34]

Trump said he would not defend NATO allies in Europe if they did not meet the alliance's target of spending 2% of GDP on defense, and instead he would "encourage" Russia to "do whatever the hell they want".[35][36][37]

France

[edit]
Further information: France–United States relations

A month after the election, Trump traveled to Paris to attend the reopening of Notre-Dame de Paris on December 7, five years after it was severely damaged by a fire. It was his first foreign trip as president-elect since his second electoral victory. He met with a number of world leaders ahead of the ceremony, including French president Emmanuel Macron, Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy, and Prince William of the United Kingdom.[38]

Russia and Ukraine

[edit]
Further information: Russia–United States relations and Ukraine–United States relations

On the Russo-Ukrainian War, Trump vowed that even before he is inaugurated, he will negotiate an end to the war in a day,[39] stop the "endless flow of American treasure to Ukraine", and make Europeans reimburse the U.S. the cost of rebuilding its old stockpiles.[40] However, it was pointed out that most of the money set aside for Ukraine actually goes to American companies, factories and workers who make weapons and military equipment.[41][42][43]

Following his victory, Trump called Russian president Vladimir Putin to warn him not to escalate the Russian invasion of Ukraine, expressing an interest in resolving the war at a later date.[44] Trump met with Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy during the campaign and on the reinauguration of the Notre Dame Cathedral.[45]

Retired lieutenant general Keith Kellogg and Frederick H. Fleitz, who both served in Trump's National Security Council staff, presented Trump with a detailed peace plan to end Russia's war in Ukraine. The plan aims to force the two sides into peace talks and a ceasefire based on the current frontlines. If Ukraine refused to enter peace talks, weapons supplies would be stopped; if Russia refused peace talks, weapons supplies to Ukraine would be increased.[46]

Middle East

[edit]

Iran

[edit]
Further information: Iran–United States relations

Elon Musk met with Iran's UN Ambassador, Saeid Iravani, on November 11, 2024.[47][48]

In January 2025 Elon Musk reportedly helped Italian prime minister Giorgio Meloni liberate their citizen Cecila Sala from Iranian regime detention.[49]

Israel

[edit]
Further information: Israel–United States relations

In his first term, Trump was considered one of the most pro-Israel presidents of the United States.[50][51] During his 2024 presidential campaign, Trump urged Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu to end the war in Gaza within two months and opened the door to attacks on Iran's nuclear facilities.[52] Trump warned Hamas that they would have "all hell to pay" if the war did not end before he took office in January.[53] Following the election, Trump spoke with Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas for the first time since 2017.[54] During their phone call, Trump expressed his desire to quickly end the war in Gaza.[55]

Trump's son-in-law and former White House senior advisor Jared Kushner is expected to play a key role in the future United States' Middle East policy as an outside presidential adviser. Being pro-Israel and having ties with several Arab leaders, Kushner previously helped to broker the Abraham Accords during Trump's first presidency.[56] Most of Trump's advisors and appointees are considered staunch supporters of the Jewish state,[57][58] including Hegseth, Huckabee, Ratcliffe, Rubio, Stefanik, and Waltz.[59] Lebanese-American businessman Massad Boulos, who was appointed as a senior advisor on Arab and Middle Eastern Affairs and has ties with Lebanese politicians, is viewed as an intermediary between Trump and Arab leaders.[60] While Special Envoy for the Middle East Steve Witkoff is expected to deal with Israel, Boulos will help in negotiations with the Arab world.[61]

Days before the inauguration of the administration, a ceasefire agreement was reached between Israel and Hamas.[62] Trump and Biden both claimed credit for the ceasefire deal, with the former describing it as "EPIC".[63] Several media sources, including Haaretz and The Times of Israel, credited Trump and Witkoff as responsible.[64][65]

Syria

[edit]
Further information: Syria–United States relations

In the Syrian civil war, the Syrian opposition launched an offensive against the pro-government Syrian Armed Forces in late November 2024, capturing the large cities of Aleppo and Hama. As opposition forces continued to close in on Damascus, President-elect Trump stated on December 7 that the U.S. should stay out of the conflict, stating "THIS IS NOT OUR FIGHT" in a social media post.[66] Rebel groups captured Damascus the next day, December 8, as government forces surrendered and president Bashar al-Assad reportedly fled the country.[67]

On January 30, 2025, the United States Central Command conducted an airstrike, killing senior Hurras al-Din operative Muhammad Salah al-Za'bir, inside Syria.[68]

Multilateral organizations and policy

[edit]

As one of his first acts as president, Trump withdrew the U.S. from the Paris Agreement and from the World Health Organization.[69][70]

On January 24, 2025, Secretary of State Marco Rubio announced the United States had rejoined the Geneva Consensus Declaration.[71]

NATO

[edit]

Trump has repeatedly stated that he, as the president, would not commit to defending NATO member states that are not spending at least 2% of their GDP on defense. Additionally, Vice President-elect JD Vance has stated that in his view NATO is a "welfare client" and that it should be "a real alliance".[72]

Expansionism

[edit]
Main articles: 51st state and Greater United States
United States including Canada, Greenland and the Panama Canal Zone according to expansionist designs proposed by Donald Trump (2024)

In the lead-up to his second inauguration, Trump proposed plans and ideas that would expand the United States' political influence and territory.[73] The last territory acquired by the United States was in 1947 when the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands were acquired.

Canada

[edit]

Trump has said he will impose a 25% tariff on all goods from Canada in an effort for the Canadian government to stop what in his view is an illegal migration crisis and drug crisis on the Canada-United States border.[74] Canadian officials have responded by threatening the United States with retaliatory tariffs, and have even proposed cutting off the supply of Canadian energy into the Northern United States.[75] This has led to Trump taunting Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau with joke offers for Canada to join the Union, and Trump has referred to Trudeau as the 'Governor of the Great State of Canada'.[76]

Greenland

[edit]
See also: Proposals for the United States to purchase Greenland

In December 2024, Trump stated a further proposal for the United States to purchase Greenland from Denmark, describing ownership and control of the island as "an absolute necessity" for national security purposes. This builds upon a prior offer from Trump to buy Greenland during his first term, which the Danish Realm refused, causing him to cancel his August 2019 visit to Denmark.[77] On January 7, 2025, Trump's son Donald Trump Jr. visited Greenland's capital city Nuuk alongside Charlie Kirk to hand out MAGA hats.[78] At a press conference the following day, Trump refused to rule out military or economic force to take over Greenland or the Panama Canal.[79] However, he did rule out military force in taking over Canada.[79] On January 14, the Trump-affiliated Nelk Boys also visited Nuuk, handing out dollar bills to locals.[80] On January 16, the CEOs of major Danish companies Novo Nordisk, Vestas and Carlsberg among others were assembled for a crisis meeting in the Ministry of State to discuss the situation.[81][82] On the subsequent day, former chief executive Friis Arne Petersen in the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs described the situation as "historically unheard of", while Noa Redington, special adviser to former prime minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt, compared the international pressure on Denmark that during the 2005 Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy.[83]

Panama Canal

[edit]

In 2024, Trump demanded that Panama return control of the Panama Canal to the United States due to 'excessive rates' being charged for American passage.[84] The United States previously was in control of the Panama Canal Zone from 1903 until 1999, and has invaded Panama before in 1989.[85][86]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ Stephen, Collinson (January 8, 2025). "Trump's threats to Greenland, Canada and Panama explain everything about America First". CNN. Retrieved January 28, 2025. Donald Trump's imperialist designs on Greenland, Canada and Panama often sound like the ramblings of a real estate shark who equates foreign and trade policy to a hunt for new deals. But there's method in his expansionist mindset.
  3. ^ Smolar, Piotr (January 8, 2025). "Donald Trump's rhetoric of a new American imperialism". Le Monde. Retrieved January 28, 2025. At a press conference in West Palm Beach, Florida, on Tuesday, January 7, Trump reiterated the idea of American expansion, which he believes would validate the promise of a "golden age" made to voters.
  4. ^ "The new American imperialism". The Economist. Retrieved January 28, 2025.
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