Chasicoan

The Chasicoan (Spanish: Chasiquense or Spanish: Chasicoense) age is a period of geologic time from 10–9 Ma within the Late Miocene epoch of the Neogene, used more specifically within the SALMA classification in South America. It follows the Mayoan and precedes the Huayquerian age.^[1]

The Chasicoan is named after the Arroyo Chasicó Formation of the Colorado Basin in northeastern Argentina.

Formation bold is type	Country	Basin	Notes
Arroyo Chasicó Formation	Argentina	Colorado Basin	[2]
Bahía Inglesa Formation	Chile	Caldera Basin	[3]
Caujarao Formation	Venezuela	Falcón Basin	[4]
Cerro Azul Formation	Argentina	Colorado Basin	[2][5][6]
Coquimbo Formation	Chile	Tongoy Bay	[7]
Loma de Las Tapias Formation	Argentina	Tulum Valley	[8]
Madre de Dios Formation	Peru	Madre de Dios Basin	[9]
Mauri Formation	Bolivia	Altiplano Basin	[10]
Navidad Formation	Chile	Chilean Coast Range	[11]
Puerto Madryn Formation	Argentina	Valdés Basin	[12]
Paraná Formation	Argentina	Paraná Basin	[13]
Pebas Formation	Brazil  Colombia  Ecuador  Peru	Amazon Basin	[14][15]
Pisco Formation	Peru	Pisco Basin	[16]
Urumaco Formation	Venezuela	Falcón Basin	[17]

Group	Fossils	Formation	Notes
Mammals	Cardiatherium chasicoense, Cardiomys leufuensis, Chasicobradys intermedius, Chasicostylus castroi, Chasicotatus ameghinoi, Epipeltephilus kanti, Lagostomus telenkechanum, Lycopsis viverensis, Paedotherium minor, Pisanodon nazari, Protomegalonyx chasicoensis, Pseudolycopsis cabrerai, Vetelia perforata, Kraglievichia sp., Orthomyctera sp., ?Parodimys sp., Proeuphractus sp., ?Tetrastylus sp., Typotheriopsis sp., Hegetotheriinae indet., Hoplophorini indet., Palaehoplophorini indet., Plohophorini indet., Proterotheriinae indet.	Arroyo Chasicó	[18][19] [20] [21][22] [23][24]
	Chasichimys bonaerense, Chasicotatus ameghinoi, Macrochorobates scalabrinii	Cerro Azul	[25]
	Cardiatherium chasicoense, Contrerascynus borhyaenoides	Loma de las Tapias	[26] [27][28]
	Notiomastodon sp.	Madre de Dios	[29]
	Bolivartherium urumaquensis, Bounodus enigmaticus, Ischyrorhynchus cf. vanbenedeni, Pseudoprepotherium urumaquensis, Urumaquia robusta, Gyrinodon sp., Neoepiblema sp., Potamarchus sp., Ribodon sp., Saurocetes sp.	Urumaco	[30][31] [32][33] [34][35] [36]
Birds	Psilopterus colzecus	Arroyo Chasicó	[24]
	Leptoptilos patagonicus	Puerto Madryn	[37]
Reptiles & amphibians	Carlesia cf. pendolai, Anura indet., Testudines indet.	Arroyo Chasicó	[24]
	Bairdemys venezuelensis, Caiman brevirostris, C. wannlangstoni, Charactosuchus mendesi, Globidentosuchus brachyrostris, Gryposuchus croizati, G. jessei, G. cf. pachakamue, Hesperogavialis cruxenti, Ikanogavialis gameroi, Melanosuchus fisheri, Mourasuchus arendsi, Purussaurus mirandai, Boinae indet.	Urumaco	[30][35] [36][38] [39][40] [41]
Fishes	Megalodon, Hemipristis serra, Carcharhinus sp., Galeocerdo sp., Rhinoptera sp., Sphyrna sp.	Caujarao	[42]
	Ariidae indet., Carcharhinidae indet., Dasyatidae indet., Hemigaleidae indet., Heterodontidae indet., Lamnidae indet., Myliobatidae indet., Odontaspididae indet., Otodontidae indet., Physeteroidea indet., Rajidae indet., Sciaenidae indet., Sparidae indet., Sphyrnidae indet., Squatinidae indet.	Paraná	[43]
	Megalodon, Arius couma, A. dowii, A. herzbergii, A. kessleri, A. quadriscutis, A. rugispinis, Bagre marinus, Carcharhinus caquetius, Epinephelus itajara, Galeocerdo cuvier, Hemipristis serra, Larimus henrii, L. steurbautti, Micropogonias coatesi, Phractocephalus nassi, Pristis pectinata, Carcharhinus sp., Cynoscion sp., Dasyatis sp., Equetus sp., Haemulon sp., Nebris sp., Rhinoptera sp., Sphyrna sp.	Urumaco	[44][30]

Arroyo Chasicó Formation

• González Ruiz, Laureano R.; Scillato Yané, Gustavo J.; Krmpotic, Cecilia M.; Carlini, Alfredo A. (2012), "A new species of Peltephilidae (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the late Miocene (Chasicoan SALMA) of Argentina" (PDF), Zootaxa, 3359: 55–64, retrieved 2019-02-15
• Pérez, María Encarnación; Deschamps, Cecilia M.; Vucetich, María Guiomar (2018), "Diversity, phylogeny and biogeography of the South American 'cardiomyine' rodents (Hystricognathi, Cavioidea) with a description of two new species", Papers in Palaeontology, 4 (1): 1–19, Bibcode:2018PPal....4....1P, doi:10.1002/spp2.1095, hdl:11336/42361, retrieved 2019-02-12
• Rasia, Luciano L.; Candela, Adriana M. (2016), "Lagostomus telenkechanum, sp. nov., a new lagostomine rodent (Caviomorpha, Chinchillidae) from the Arroyo Chasicó Formation (late Miocene; Buenos Aires Province, Argentina)", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 37 (1): e1239205, doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1239205, hdl:11336/72389, retrieved 2019-02-12

Bahía Inglesa Formation

• Achurra, L.E.; Lacassie, J.P.; Le Roux, J.P.; Marquadt, C.; Belmar, M.; Ruiz Del Solar, J.; Ishman, S.E. (2009), "Manganese nodules in the Miocene Bahía Inglesa Formation, north-central Chile: Petrography, geochemistry, genesis and palaeoceanographic significance" (PDF), Sedimentary Geology, 217 (1–4): 128–139, Bibcode:2009SedG..217..128A, doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.03.016, retrieved 2017-08-15
• Achurra, L.; Marquadt, C.; Lacassie, J.P.; Le Roux, J.P. (2003), Nódulos de Mn de la Formación Bahía Inglesa: geoquímica, génesis e implicancias paleoambientales (PDF), X Congreso Geológico Chileno, pp. 1–10, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-26, retrieved 2017-08-15
• Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina; Canto, Jhoann (2005), "Primer registro de cráneos asignados a Palaeospheniscus (Aves, Spheniscidae) procedentes de la Formación Bahía Inglesa (Mioceno Medio-Tardío), Chile" (PDF), Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 78: 489–495, retrieved 2017-08-15
• Benson, Richard D (2015), "A new species of penguin from the late Miocene of Chile, with comments on the stratigraphic range of Palaeospheniscus" (PDF), Scientific Publications of the Science Museum of Minnesota, New Series, 8 (4): 5–22, retrieved 2019-02-13 Archived 2021-06-24 at the Wayback Machine
• Chávez Hoffmeister, Martín Felipe (2008), La ornitofauna de la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Caldera, Chile (MSc. thesis) (PDF), Universidad Austral de Chile, pp. 1–165, retrieved 2017-08-15
• Chávez, Martín F (2007), "Sobre la presencia de Paraptenodytes y Palaeospheniscus (Aves: Sphenisciformes) en la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Chile" (PDF), Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 80 (2): 255–259, doi:10.4067/S0716-078X2007000200010, retrieved 2017-08-15
• Chávez, Martín (2007), "Spheniscus megaramphus Stucchi et al. 2003 (Aves: Sphenisciformes) en la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Chile", Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica del Perú, 102: 101–107, retrieved 2017-08-15
• Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Achurra, Luciano; Henríquez, Álvaro; Carreño, Catalina; Rivera, Huber; Suárez, Mario E.; Ishman, Scott E.; Pyenson, Nicholas D.; Gutstein, Carolina S. (2016), "Oroclinal bending of the Juan Fernández Ridge suggested by geohistory analysis of the Bahía Inglesa Formation, north-central Chile" (PDF), Sedimentary Geology, 333: 32–49, Bibcode:2016SedG..333...32L, doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.12.003, retrieved 2017-08-15
• Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Achurra, Luciano; Henríquez, Álvaro; Carreño, Catalina; Rivera, Huber (2015), Lithostratigraphy, depositional environments and tectonic setting of the Bahía Inglesa Formation west of Copiapó, north-central Chile (PDF), XIV Congreso Geológico Chileno, pp. 821–824, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-26, retrieved 2017-08-15
• Oyanadel Urbina, Pablo; Carrillo Briceño, Jorge; Villafaña, Jaime; Castelleto, Victor; Varas, Cristian; Alballay, Alex; Rivadeneira, Marcelo (2015), Nuevo registro de familias de peces óseos en Formación Bahía Inglesa (PDF), XIV Congreso Geológico Chileno, pp. 1–4, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-26, retrieved 2017-08-15
• Staig, Felipe; Hernández, Sebastián; López, Patricio; Villafaña, Jaime A.; Varas, Cristian; Soto, Luis Patricio; Carrillo Briceño, Jorge D. (2015), "Late Neogene Elasmobranch fauna from the Coquimbo Formation, Chile", Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 18 (2): 261–272, doi:10.4072/rbp.2015.2.07, retrieved 2017-08-15
• Suárez, Mario E (2011), Línea de base paleontológica proyecto Puerto Santa Fe (PDF), Comuna de Caldera Región de Atacama, pp. 1–29, retrieved 2017-08-15
• Valenzuela Toro, Ana; Gutstein, Carolina S., "Mamíferos marinos fósiles (excepto Cetacea) de Formación Bahía Inglesa: Registro, implicancias paleoambientales y perspectivas de estudio" (PDF), .: 770–772, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-26, retrieved 2017-08-15

Caujarao Formation

• Quijano Ballesteros, Jhon Richard (2005), Estudio magnetoestratigráfico en la sección de El Mamón (miembro medio de la Formación Urumaco, Estado Falcón) (MSc. thesis) (PDF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, pp. 1–92, retrieved 2017-10-27 Archived 2018-04-09 at the Wayback Machine

Cerro Azul Formation

• Goin, F.J.; Montalvo, C.; Visconti, G. (2000), "Los marsupiales (Mammalia) del Mioceno superior de la Formación Cerro Azul (Provincia de La Pampa, Argentina)", Estudios Geológicos, 56 (1–2): 101–126, doi:10.3989/egeol.00561-2158, hdl:11336/108700, retrieved 2017-08-15
• Madozzo Jaén, M. Carolina; Pérez, M. Encarnación; Montalvo, Claudia I.; Tomassini, Rodrigo L. (2018), "Systematic review of Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina: Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications" (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 63 (2): 241–260, retrieved 2019-02-11
• Sostillo, Renata; Montalvo, Claudia I.; Verzi, Diego H. (2014), "A new species of Reigechimys (Rodentia, Echimyidae) from the Late Miocene of central Argentina and the evolutionary pattern of the lineage", Ameghiniana, 51 (4): 284–294, doi:10.5710/AMGH.24.04.2014.2741, retrieved 2019-02-12

Coquimbo Formation

• Le Roux, J.P.; Olivares, Danisa M.; Nielsen, Sven N.; Smith, Norman D.; Middleton, Heather; Fenner, Juliane; Ishman, Scott E. (2006), "Bay sedimentation as controlled by regional crustal behaviour, local tectonics and eustatic sea-level changes: Coquimbo Formation (Miocene–Pliocene), Bay of Tongoy, central Chile" (PDF), Sedimentary Geology, 184 (1–2): 133–153, Bibcode:2006SedG..184..133L, doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.09.023, retrieved 2018-05-20

Loma de Las Tapias Formation

• Deschamps, Cecilia M.; Vieytes, Emma C.; Olivares, A. Itatí; Vucetich, María G. (2009), "Primer registro de Cardiatherium chasicoense (Rodentia, Hydrochoeridae) fuera del área pampeana (Argentina) y su valor bioestratigráfico", Ameghiniana, 46: 295–305, retrieved 2018-09-10
• Mones, Álvaro (2014), "Contrerascynus, new name for Simpsonia Contreras, 1990 (Mammalia, Sparassodonta, Hathlyacynidae), non Rochebrune, 1904 (Bivalvia, Unionidae), non Baker, 1911 (Gastropoda, Lymnaeidae)" (PDF), Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 17 (3): 435–436, doi:10.4072/rbp.2014.3.12, retrieved 2019-02-12
• Olivares, A. Itatí; Verzi, Diego H.; Contreras, Victor H.; Pessôa, Leila (2016), "A new Echimyidae (Rodentia, Hystricomorpha) from the late Miocene of southern South America", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 37 (1): e1239204, doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1239204, hdl:11336/56402, retrieved 2019-02-12

Madre de Dios Formation

• Frailey, Carl David; Campbell, Kenneth E. Jr. (2012), "Two New Genera of Peccaries (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Tayassuidae) from Upper Miocene Deposits of the Amazon Basin", Journal of Paleontology, 86 (5): 852–877, Bibcode:2012JPal...86..852F, doi:10.1666/12-012.1, retrieved 2019-02-15
• Prothero, Donald R.; Campbell, Kenneth E. Jr.; Beatty, Brian L.; Frailey, Carl D. (2014), "New late Miocene dromomerycine artiodactyl from the Amazon Basin: implications for interchange dynamics", Journal of Paleontology, 88 (3): 434–443, doi:10.1666/13-022, retrieved 2019-02-12
• Romero P., Lidia; Morales R., María del Carmen; Carpio R, Mario (1998), Geología de los cuadrángulos de Río Acre 22-v, Iñapari 22-x, Qda. Mala 23-v, Iberia 23-x, San Lorenzo 23-y, Puerto Lidia 24-v, Río Manuripe 24-x, Mavila 24-y, Santa María 24-z, Valencia 25-z, Palma Real 26-z y Río Heath 27-z (PDF), INGEMMET, pp. 1–201, retrieved 2019-02-12

Mauri Formation

• Marshall, Larry G.; Sempere, Thierry (1991), "The Eocene to Pleistocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: A review", Revista técnica de YPFB, 12: 631–652, retrieved 2017-08-15

Navidad Formation

• Finger, Kenneth L.; Nielsen, Sven N.; DeVries, Thomas J.; Encinas, Alfonso; Peterson, Dawn E. (2007), "Paleontologic evidence for sedimentary displacement in Neogene forearc basins of central Chile" (PDF), PALAIOS, 22 (1): 3–16, Bibcode:2007Palai..22....3F, doi:10.2110/palo.2005.p05-081r, retrieved 2017-08-15

Palo Pintado Formation

• Anzótegui, Luisa M.; Horn, Maricel Yarina (2011), "Megaflora de la Formación Palo Pintado (Mioceno Superior) Salta, Argentina Parte II" (PDF), Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 14 (3): 239–254, doi:10.4072/rbp.2011.3.04, retrieved 2017-10-22
• Galli, Claudia Inés; Anzótegui, Luisa Matilde; Horn, Maricel Yanina; Morton, Lourdes Susana (2011), "Paleoambiente y paleocomunidades de la Formación Palo Pintado (Mioceno-Plioceno), Provincia de Salta, Argentina" (PDF), Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 28: 161–174, retrieved 2017-10-22
• Reguero, Marcelo A.; Candela, Adriana M.; Galli, Claudia I.; Bonini, Ricardo; Voglino, Damián (2015), "A new Hypsodont Notoungulate (Hegetotheriidae, Pachyrukhinae) from the late Miocene of the Eastern Cordillera, Salta province, Northwest of Argentina" (PDF), Andean Geology, 42: 56–70, doi:10.5027/andgeoV42n1-a04, retrieved 2017-08-15

Paraná Formation

• Cione, Alberto Luis; Cabrera, Daniel Alfredo; Barla, María Julia (2012), "Oldest record of the Great White Shark (Lamnidae, Carcharodon; Miocene) in the Southern Atlantic" (PDF), Geobios, 45 (2): 167–172, Bibcode:2012Geobi..45..167C, doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2011.06.002, hdl:11336/139163, retrieved 2017-10-22^{[permanent dead link]}
• Martín Pérez, Leandro (2013), Sistemática, tafonomía y paleoecología de los invertebrados de la Formación Paraná (Mioceno), Provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina (PhD thesis) (PDF), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, pp. 1–398, retrieved 2017-08-15

Pebas Formation

• Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Abello, M. Alejandra; Adnet, Sylvain; Altamirano Sierra, Ali J.; Baby, Patrice; Billet, Guillaume; Boivin, Myriam; Calderón, Ysabel; Candela, Jules Chabain, Fernando Corfu, Darin A. Croft, Morgan Ganerød, Carlos Jaramillo, Sebastian Klaus, Laurent Marivaux, Rosa E. Navarrete, Maëva J. Orliac, Francisco Parra, María Encarnación Pérez, François Pujos, Jean-Claude Rage, Anthony Ravel, Céline Robinet, Martin Roddaz, Julia Victoria Tejada Lara, Jorge Vélez Juarbe, Frank P. Wesselingh, Rodolfo Salas Gismondi, Adriana (2016), "A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana, eastern Peru", Gondwana Research, 31: 30–59, Bibcode:2016GondR..31...30A, doi:10.1016/j.gr.2015.11.001, hdl:11336/99030, retrieved 2017-08-15{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Wesselingh, F.P.; Hoorn, M.C.; Guerrero, J.; Räsänen, M.E.; Romero Pittmann, L.; Salo, J. (2006), "The stratigraphy and regional structure of Miocene deposits in western Amazonia (Peru, Colombia and Brazil), with implications for late Neogene landscape evolution", Scripta Geologica, 133: 291–322, retrieved 2017-08-15

Pisco Formation

• Altamirano Sierra, Alí J (2013), "Primer registro de pelicano (Aves: Pelecanidae) para el Mioceno tardio de la formacion Pisco, Peru" (PDF), Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines, 42: 1–12, retrieved 2017-09-04
• Báez Gómez, Diego A (2006), "Estudio paleoambiental de la formación Pisco:: Localidad Ocucaje" (PDF), Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG, 9: 64–69, retrieved 2017-09-04
• Bianucci, Giovanni; Di Celma, Claudio; Urbina, Mario; Lambert, Olivier (2016), "New beaked whales from the late Miocene of Peru and evidence for convergent evolution in stem and crown Ziphiidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti)" (PDF), PeerJ, 4: e2479, doi:10.7717/peerj.2479, PMC 5036081, PMID 27688973, retrieved 2019-02-12
• Brand, Leonard; Urbina, Mario; Chadwick, Arthur; DeVries, Thomas J.; Esperante, Raul (2011), "A high resolution stratigraphic framework for the remarkable fossil cetacean assemblage of the Miocene/Pliocene Pisco Formation, Peru", Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 31 (4): 414–425, Bibcode:2011JSAES..31..414B, doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2011.02.015
• Collareta, Alberto; Lambert, Olivier; De Muizon, Christian; Urbina, Mario; Bianucci, Giovanni (2017), "Koristocetus pescei gen. et sp. nov., a diminutive sperm whale (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Kogiidae) from the late Miocene of Peru", Fossil Record, 20 (2): 259–278, Bibcode:2017FossR..20..259C, doi:10.5194/fr-20-259-2017, hdl:11568/891486, retrieved 2019-02-12
• Lambert, Olivier; Bianucci, Giovanni; Urbina, Mario; Geisler, Jonathan H. (2017), "A new inioid (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Delphinida) from the Miocene of Peru and the origin of modern dolphin and porpoise families", Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 179 (4): 919–946
• Marx, Felix G.; Lambert, Olivier; De Muizon, Christian (2017), "A new Miocene baleen whale from Peru deciphers the dawn of cetotheriids", Royal Society Open Science, 4 (9): 170560, Bibcode:2017RSOS....470560M, doi:10.1098/rsos.170560, PMC 5627101, PMID 28989761, retrieved 2019-02-12
• Marx, Felix G.; Kohno, Naoki (2016), "A new Miocene baleen whale from the Peruvian desert", Royal Society Open Science, 3 (10): 160542, Bibcode:2016RSOS....360542M, doi:10.1098/rsos.160542, PMC 5098998, PMID 27853573, retrieved 2019-02-12
• Poma Porras, Orlando; Horna Santillán, Edgard; Esperante, Raúl (2009), "Baleen Fósil (Cetacea: mysticeti) en Sedimentos de la Cuenca Marina del Neógeno en la Formación Pisco, al Sur del Perú" (PDF), Revista de Investigación Universitaria, 1: 84–97, retrieved 2017-09-04 Archived 2017-09-05 at the Wayback Machine
• Ramassamy, Benjamin; Lambert, Olivier; Collareta, Alberto; Urbina, Mario; Bianucci, Giovanni (2018), "Description of the skeleton of the fossil beaked whale Messapicetus gregarius: searching potential proxies for deep-diving abilities" (PDF), Fossil Record, 21 (1): 11–32, Bibcode:2018FossR..21...11R, doi:10.5194/fr-21-11-2018, retrieved 2019-02-11
• Solís Mundaca, Flavio Alejandro (2018), Bioestratigrafía e implicancias paleoceanográficas de las diatomeas de la sección Cerro Caucato, Formación Pisco, Ica, Peru (MSc. thesis) (PDF), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, pp. 1–158, retrieved 2018-09-10
• Stucchi, Marcelo; Emslie, Steven D.; Varas Malca, Rafael M.; Urbina Schmitt, Mario (2015a), "A new late Miocene condor (Aves, Cathartidae) from Peru and the origin of South American condors", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 35 (5): e972507, Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E2507S, doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.972507, retrieved 2019-02-13
• Stucchi, Marcelo; Varas Malca, Rafael M.; Urbina Schmitt, Mario (2015b), "New Miocene sulid birds from Peru and considerations on their Neogene fossil record in the Eastern Pacific Ocean" (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 61 (2): 417–427, retrieved 2019-02-13
• Stucchi, M (2007), "Los pingüinos de la Formación Pisco (Neógeno), Perú" (PDF), 4th European Meeting on the Palaeontology and Stratigraphy of Latin America, Cuadernos del Museo Geominero, 8: 367–373, retrieved 2017-09-04

Puerto Madryn Formation

• Noriega, J.I.; Cladera, G. (2008), "First record of an extinct marabou stork in the Neogene of South America" (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 53 (4): 593–600, doi:10.4202/app.2008.0404, retrieved 2019-03-06

Urumaco Formation

• Carrillo Briceño, Jorge D.; Maxwell, Erin; Aguilera, Órangel A.; Sánchez, Rodolfo; Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R. (2015), "Sawfishes and Other Elasmobranch Assemblages from the Mio-Pliocene of the South Caribbean (Urumaco Sequence, Northwestern Venezuela)", PLoS ONE, 10 (10): e0139230, Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1039230C, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139230
• Linares, Omar J (2004), "Bioestratigrafía de la fauna de mamíferos de las formaciones Socorro, Urumaco y Codore (Mioceno Medio-Plioceno Temprano) de la región de Urumaco, Falcón, Venezuela" (PDF), Paleobiología Neotropical, 1: 1–26, retrieved 2017-08-15
• Quijano Ballesteros, Jhon Richard (2005), Estudio magnetoestratigráfico en la sección de El Mamón (miembro medio de la Formación Urumaco, Estado Falcón) (MSc. thesis) (PDF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, pp. 1–92, retrieved 2017-10-27 Archived 2018-04-09 at the Wayback Machine
• Rincón, Ascanio D.; Solórzano, Andrés; McDonald, H. Gregory; Montellano Ballesteros, Marisol (2018), "Two new megalonychid sloths (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from the Urumaco Formation (late Miocene), and their phylogenetic affinities", Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 17 (5): 409–421, doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1427639, retrieved 2019-02-11
• Rincón, Ascanio D.; McDonald, H. Gregory; Solórzano, Andrés; Núñez Flores, Mónica; Ruiz Ramoni, Damián (2015), "A new enigmatic Late Miocene mylodontoid sloth from northern South America", Royal Society Open Science, 2 (2): 140256, Bibcode:2015RSOS....240256R, doi:10.1098/rsos.140256, PMC 4448802, PMID 26064594, retrieved 2019-02-13