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{{short description|Submarine of the United States}}

{{other ships|USS Grayling}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}

{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:USS Grayling;0820902.jpg|300px|USS Grayling (SS-209)]]
|Ship caption=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{USN flag|1943}}
|Ship name=
|Ship namesake=
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder=[[Portsmouth Naval Shipyard]], [[Kittery, Maine]]<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates">{{cite book
  | last = Friedman
  | first = Norman
  | title = U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History
  | publisher = [[United States Naval Institute]]
  | year = 1995
  | location = [[Annapolis, Maryland]]
  | pages = 285–304
  | isbn = 1-55750-263-3 }}</ref>
|Ship laid down=15 December 1939<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates"/>
|Ship launched=29 November 1940<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates"/>
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned=1 March 1941<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates"/>
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship struck=
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship fate=Lost off [[Manila]] around 9 September 1943<ref name="Register">{{cite book
  | last = Bauer
  | first = K. Jack
  |author2=Roberts, Stephen S.
   | title = Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants
  | publisher = Greenwood Press
  | year = 1991
  | location = [[Westport, Connecticut]]
  | pages = 270
  | isbn = 0-313-26202-0 }}</ref>
|Ship honors=[[File:Silver-service-star-3d.png|20px]] [[File:Bronze-service-star-3d-vector.svg|18px]] 6 × [[Battle star#Navy warships|battle stars]]
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=[[Tambor-class submarine|''Tambor''-class]] [[diesel-electric]] [[submarine]]<ref name="Register"/>
|Ship displacement=*{{convert|1475|long ton|t}} standard, surfaced<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs">''U.S. Submarines Through 1945'' pp. 305-311</ref>
*{{convert|2370|long ton|t}} submerged<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship length={{convert|307|ft|2|in|abbr=on}}<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship beam={{convert|27|ft|3|in|abbr=on}}<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship draft={{convert|14|ft|7+1/2|in|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship propulsion={{Fleet-boat-propulsion-early-FM-4-GE}}
|Ship speed=*{{convert|20.4|kn|km/h|0}} surfaced<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
*{{convert|8.75|kn|km/h|0}} submerged<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship range={{convert|11000|nmi|km}} at {{convert|10|kn|km/h}}<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship endurance=48 hours at {{convert|2|kn|km/h}} submerged<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship test depth={{convert|250|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship complement=6 officers, 54 enlisted<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship sensors=
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament={{Fleet-boat-armament-3-inch}}
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

'''USS ''Grayling'' (SS-209)''' was the tenth [[Tambor class submarine|''Tambor'']]-class [[submarine]] to be commissioned in the United States Navy in the years leading up to the country's December 1941 entry into [[World War II]]. She was the fourth ship of the [[United States Navy]] to be named for the [[Arctic grayling|grayling]]. Her wartime service was in the [[Pacific Ocean]]. She completed seven war patrols in the following 20 months, and is credited with the sinking of over 20,000 tons of Japanese [[merchant shipping]] and [[warship]]s. ''Grayling'' received six [[battle stars]] for her [[World War II]] service. She was declared lost with all hands in September 1943. Her fate remains an unsolved mystery. Of the twelve ''Tambor''-class submarines, only five survived the war.

==Construction and commissioning==
''Grayling''′s [[keel]] was [[Keel-laying|laid down]] at the [[Portsmouth Navy Yard]] in [[Kittery, Maine]], on 15 December 1939. She was [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 4 September 1940, [[Ship sponsor|sponsored]] by Mrs. Marion Barnes Bryant Leary, wife of [[Rear admiral (United States)|Rear Admiral]] [[Herbert F. Leary]], and [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 1 March 1941.

==Pre-World War II==

After conducting tests and sea trials, she was called upon 20 June 1941 to assist in the search for submarine [[USS O-9 (SS-70)|''O-9'' (SS-70)]], which had failed to surface after a practice dive off [[Isles of Shoals]]. ''O-9'' was subsequently discovered on the bottom, but rescue efforts failed; ''Grayling'' participated 22 June in the memorial services for those lost.

Joining the [[U.S. Atlantic Fleet|Atlantic Fleet]], ''Grayling'' sailed on shakedown cruise on 4 August to [[Morehead City, North Carolina]], and [[Saint Thomas, United States Virgin Islands|St. Thomas]], [[U.S. Virgin Islands]], returning to [[Portsmouth Naval Shipyard|Portsmouth]] on 29 August. After final acceptance, she departed 17 November, armed at [[Newport, Rhode Island]], and sailed for duty with the Pacific Fleet. ''Grayling'' transited the [[Panama Canal]] on 3 December and moored at [[San Diego]], California, on 10 December.

[[Image:Nimitz on Grayling;0820904.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Admiral Chester Nimitz assumes command of the U.S. Pacific Fleet on 31 December 1941 on board ''Grayling'' (SS-209)]]

==Start of War, and Raising of Nimitz's Flag==

''Grayling'' sailed for [[Pearl Harbor]] on 17 December, arrived 24 December, and had the honor of being chosen for the Pacific Fleet change of command ceremony on 31 December 1941. The ceremony would normally have taken place on a battleship, but all the fleet's battleships had been either sunk or damaged during the Japanese Navy's attack three weeks earlier. On that day, Admiral [[Chester Nimitz]] hoisted his flag aboard ''Grayling'' as Commander, [[U.S. Pacific Fleet|Pacific Fleet]] and began the [[United States Navy]]'s long fighting road back to victory in the Pacific.
[[File:USS Grayling (SS-209) Memorial plaque.jpg|thumb|USS ''Grayling'' (SS-209) Memorial plaque]]

==COMSUBPAC Patrols, 1942==

After the ceremonies, ''Grayling'' stood out of [[Pearl Harbor]] on her first war patrol 5 January 1942. Cruising the Northern [[Gilbert Islands]], ''Grayling'' failed to register a kill, but gained much in training and readiness, returning to [[Pearl Harbor]] on 7 March.

Her second patrol, beginning 27 March, was more successful. Cruising off the coast of [[Japan]] itself, ''Grayling'' sank her first ship 13 April, sending the cargo freighter ''Ryujin Maru'' to the bottom. She returned to [[Hawaii]] on 16 May.

''Grayling'' returned to action in June as all available ships were pressed into service to oppose the Japanese advance on [[Midway Island]]. As part of Task Group 7.1, ''Grayling'' and her sister submarines were arranged in a fan-like reconnaissance deployment west of [[Midway Atoll]] in the [[Northwestern Hawaiian Islands]], helping to provide knowledge of Japanese movements. During this deployment, 12 U.S. Army Air Forces [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress|B-17 Flying Fortress]] [[bomber]]s sighted ''Grayling'' on 7 June 1942 while she was on the surface, and three of them mistakenly attacked her with a string of twenty {{convert|1,000|lb|kg|0|adj=on}} [[Aerial bomb|bombs]] dropped from an altitude of more than {{convert|10,000|ft|sigfig=2}}, all of which missed.<ref name=hinmanpp7677>Hinman & Campbell, pp. 76–77.</ref> ''Grayling'' quickly [[Crash dive|crash-dived]] and avoided damage, but the {{nowrap|B-17}} crews claimed to have sunk a Japanese [[heavy cruiser]] in 15 seconds.<ref name=hinmanpp7677/>

As U.S. Navy planners established a submarine [[blockade]] of [[Chuuk Lagoon|Truk]] in connection with the [[Solomon Islands campaign|U.S. offensive]] in the [[Solomon Islands (archipelago)|Solomon Islands]], ''Grayling'' began her third war patrol on 14 July 1942 around the Japanese stronghold. She damaged a Japanese [[submarine tender]] on 13 August, but was forced to return to Pearl Harbor on 26 August by fuel leaks.

At Pearl Harbor, ''Grayling'' was repaired and was fitted with surface [[radar]], after which she began her fourth patrol on 19 October 1942. Although attacked by gunfire and six separate [[depth charge]] runs by Japanese destroyers, ''Grayling'' succeeded on 10 November 1942 in sinking a 4,000-ton cargo ship southwest of [[Chuuk Lagoon|Truk]]. She also destroyed a Japanese [[schooner]] on 4 December before putting into [[Fremantle submarine base]], [[Western Australia]], 13 December 1942.

==Deployment to Australia, 1943==

Changing her base of operations to [[Australia]], ''Grayling'' stood out of [[Fremantle, Western Australia|Fremantle]] on 7 January 1943 on her fifth patrol, this time in Philippine waters. She sank cargo ship ''Ushio Maru'' west of [[Luzon]] on 26 January and damaged another Japanese ship the next day. After sinking a [[schooner]] on 24 February, ''Grayling'' returned to Fremantle.

''Grayling'' left Australian waters on 26 March on her sixth war patrol and cruised in the [[Tarakan Island|Tarakan]] area and the [[Verde Island Passage]]. There, she attacked and sank cargo ship ''Shanghai Maru'' on 9 April and damaged four other ships before returning to Fremantle on 25 April.

Her seventh war patrol, commencing 18 May, took ''Grayling'' into the waters off northwest [[Borneo]]. While she en route to her patrol area, a [[Consolidated PBY Catalina|PBY Catalina]] [[flying boat]] of U.S. Navy [[VPB-29|Patrol Squadron 101 (VP-101)]] mistakenly dropped a depth charge on her as she submerged in the [[Indian Ocean]] at {{coord|17|S|115|E}}. The depth charge did not explode.<ref>Hinman & Campbell, pp. 77–78.</ref> After reaching her patrol area, ''Grayling'' damaged a freighter and two smaller ships before returning to her base on 6 July 1943.

==Loss==

''Grayling'' began her eighth and last war patrol in July, 1943, from Fremantle. She made two visits to the coast of the [[Philippines]], delivering supplies and equipment to guerrillas at Pucio Point, Pandan Bay, [[Panay]], 31 July and 23 August 1943. Cruising in the Philippines area, ''Grayling'' recorded her last kill, the passenger-cargo ''Meizan Maru'' on 27 August in the [[Tablas Strait]], but was not heard from again after 9 September. She was scheduled to make a radio report on 12 September, which she did not, and all attempts to contact her failed. ''Grayling'' was officially reported "lost with all hands" 30 September 1943.

On 27 August 1943, Japanese ships witnessed a torpedo attack, and the next day a surfaced submarine was seen, both in the Tablas Strait area, and then on 9 September a surfaced American submarine was seen inside [[Lingayen Gulf]]. All of these sightings correspond with ''Grayling'''s orders to patrol the approaches to [[Manila]]. On 9 September 1943, Japanese passenger-cargo vessel ''Hokuan Maru'' reported a submarine in shallow water west of [[Luzon]]. The ship made a run over the area and "noted an impact with a submerged object". No additional data are available.

Assuming she survived this incident, no other recorded Japanese attacks could have sunk ''Grayling''. Her loss may have been operational or by an unrecorded attack. The only certainty, therefore, is that ''Grayling'' was lost between 9 September and 12 September 1943 either in Lingayen Gulf or along the approaches to Manila. ComTaskFor71 requested a transmission from ''Grayling'' on 12 September, but did not receive one.

''Grayling'' was credited with five major kills, totaling 20,575&nbsp;tons. All but the first of ''Grayling'''s eight war patrols were declared "successful".

==Honors and awards==
''Grayling'' received six battle stars for her World War II service.
[[File:USS Grayling (SS-209) Memorial.jpg|thumb|USS ''Grayling'' (SS-209) Memorial]]

== References ==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{DANFS|http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/g/grayling-iv.html}}
{{refend}}
===Bibliography===
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=hkupDwAAQBAJ&dq=LApon+raton&pg=PA181 Hinman, Charles R., and Douglas E. Campbell. ''The Submarine Has No Friends: Friendly Fire Incidents Involving U.S. Submarines During World War II''. Syneca Research Group, Inc., 2019.] {{ISBN|978-0-359-76906-3}}.

== External links ==
*[http://www.oneternalpatrol.com/uss-grayling-209.htm On Eternal Patrol: USS ''Grayling'']

{{Tambor class submarine}}
{{June 1942 shipwrecks}}
{{May 1943 shipwrecks}}
{{September 1943 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grayling (SS-209)}}
[[Category:Tambor-class submarines]]
[[Category:World War II submarines of the United States]]
[[Category:Lost submarines of the United States]]
[[Category:Missing submarines of World War II]]
[[Category:Ships built in Kittery, Maine]]
[[Category:1940 ships]]
[[Category:Friendly fire incidents of World War II]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in June 1942]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in May 1943]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in September 1943]]
[[Category:Submarines lost with all hands]]
[[Category:Warships lost with all hands]]

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Return to USS Grayling (SS-209).

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Grayling_(SS-209)"