Mutualismus

Mutualismus est coniunctio symbiotica inter duos organismos, ubi uterque beneficium habilitatis lucratur, exempli gratia habilitatem superesse. Coniunctiones similes intra speciem appellantur cooperatio. Mutualismus cum certamine interspecifico discrepat, in quo uterque species habilitatem imminutam experitur, et cum exploitatione, in quo quaedam species beneficia incommodo aliae lucratur. Mutualismus et symbiosis aliquando tractantur si sint synonymi, sed hoc accurate est falsum: symbiosis est lata categoria, quae coniunctiones mutualistica, parasitica, vel commensales comprehendit. Mutualismus solum est quoddam harum coniunctionum genus.

Mutualismus partes graves in oecologia et biologia evolutionaria agit. Exempli gratia, coniunctiones mutualisticae sunt graves pro operatione oecosystematis terrestris, quoniam plus quam 70% plantarum terrestrium coniunctionibus mycorrhizosis cum fungis confidunt ut composita inorganica et elementa mineralia adipiscantur. Praeterea, mutualismus evolutionem multum biologicae mundi diversitatis pepulit, sicut formas florum (graves pro multis pollinationis mutualismis) et coevolutionem inter greges specierum (Thompson 2005). Nihilominus, mutualismus minus quam praedatio, parasitismus, et aliae coniunctiones interspecificae investigatus est (Begon et al. 1996; Bronstein 1994).

• Coadaptatio
• Coevolutio
• Communicatio inter species
• Facilitatio oecologica
• Frugivoria
• Index coniunctionum symbioticarum
• Indicator indicator, avis qui homines ad apes ducit
• Imitatio Muelleriana
• Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, liber a Petro Kropotkin scriptus
• Symbiogenesis
• Symbiosis

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• Porat, D., et N. E. Chadwick-Furman. 2004. "Effects of anemonefish on giant sea anemones:expansion behavior, growth, and survival." Hydrobiologia 530:513–520.
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• Thompson, J. N. 2005. The Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-79762-5.

Haec stipula ad biologiam spectat. Amplifica, si potes!