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Marian Anderson

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Marian Anderson
Anderson in 1940
Born(1897-02-27) 27 Febụwarị 1897
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania U.S.
Died8 Eprelụ 1993(1993-04-08) (aged 96)
Portland, Oregon, U.S.
OccupationOperatic contralto

Marian Anderson (Febụwarị 27, 1897 – Eprel 8, 1993) bụ onye America na agụ egwu contralto.Ọ rụrụ ọtụtụ egwu dị iche iche, site na opera ruo na mmụọ. Anderson jiri ndị egwu egwu ama ama na nnukwu egwu egwu na ebe a na-agụ akwụkwọ na United States na Europe n'etiti 1925 na1965.

Anderson bụ onye dị mkpa na mgba maka ndị na-ese ihe n'Africa iji merie ajọ mbunobi agbụrụ na United States n'ime etiti narị afọ nke iri abụọ. Na 1939, n'oge oge nke agbụrụ agbụrụ, ụmụ nwanyị nke American Revolution (DAR) jụrụ ikwe ka Anderson bụrụ abụ na ndị na-ege ntị jikọtara ọnụ na Ụlọ Nzukọ Iwu na Washington, DC Ihe ahụ merenụ mere Anderson na ìhè nke mba ụwa na ọkwa dị elu. ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe maka onye egwu oge gboo. Site n'enyemaka nke First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt na di ya, Onye isi ala Franklin D. Roosevelt, Anderson mere egwu egwu a ma ama na Ista Sunday, Eprel 9, 1939, na steepụ Lincoln Memorial na isi obodo. E gosipụtara ihe omume ahụ na ihe nkiri, Marian Anderson: The Lincoln Memorial Concert . Ọ bụrụ abụ n'ihu ìgwè mmadụ karịrị mmadụ 75,000 na ndị na-ege redio ntị na nde mmadụ.

Na Jenụwarị 7, 1955, Anderson ghọrọ onye na-agụ egwu Africa America mbụ na-eme na Metropolitan Opera. Na mgbakwunye, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya na Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na dị ka onye na-ahụ maka Goodwill Ambassador maka Ngalaba Mba nke United States, na-enye kọntaktị n'ụwa niile. O sonyere n'Òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ n'afọ ndị 1960, na-abụ abụ na March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom na 1963. Onye natara ọtụtụ onyinye na nsọpụrụ, e nyere Anderson ihe nrite mbụ nke nnwere onwe onye na 1963, Ihe nrite ọla edo nke Congress na 1977, Kennedy Center Honors na 1978, ihe nrite nke National Medal of Arts na 1986, na Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award na 1991.

Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ

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A mụrụ Marian Anderson na Philadelphia na February 27, 1897, nye John Berkley Anderson na Annie Delilah Rucker.[3] Nna ya rere ice na coal na Reading Terminal na ogbe ndịda Philadelphia ma mechaa ree mmanya. Tupu alụm di na nwunye, nne Anderson bụ nwa akwụkwọ nwa oge na Virginia Seminary na College na Lynchburg, ma rụọ ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi na Virginia.Ebe ọ na-enwetaghị akara mmụta, Annie Anderson enweghị ike ịkụzi na Philadelphia n'okpuru iwu nke etinyere naanị maka ndị nkuzi ojii na-abụghị ndị ọcha.[4] Ya mere, ọ nwetara ego na-elekọta ụmụaka. Marian bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụ Anderson atọ. Ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ, Alyse (1899–1965) na Ethel (1902–90), ghọkwara ndị na-abụ abụ. Ethel lụrụ James DePreist na nwa ha nwoke James Anderson DePreist bụ onye nduzi ama ama.

Anderson na 1920

Nne na nna Anderson bụ Ndị Kraịst na-anụ ọkụ n'obi ma ezinụlọ ahụ dum na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Union Baptist Church, nke, n'oge ọ bụ nwata, guzo n'ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ wuru na 1889 na 709 S. 12th Street na South Philadelphia.[1] Nwanne nwanyị Marian bụ Mary, nwanne nna ya nwanyị, na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndụ egwu nke ụka ma mee ka nwa nwanne ya nwanyị kwenye isonye na ndị ukwe chọọchị mgbe ọ dị afọ isii. N'ọrụ ahụ, ọ na-eme solo na duets, mgbe mgbe ya na nwanne nne ya. Nwanne nne Mary kpọọrọ Marian gaa kọntaktị na ụka ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, YMCA, kọnttaktị uru, na ihe omume egwu obodo ndị ọzọ n'obodo ahụ dum. Anderson kwuru na mmetụta nwanne nne ya bụ ihe mere o ji chụsoo ọrụ ịbụ abụ ya.[2] Malite mgbe ọ dị afọ isii, nwanne nne ya mere ndokwa ka Marian bụrụ abụ maka mmemme mpaghara ebe a na-akwụkarị ya 25 ma ọ bụ 50 cents maka ịbụ abụ ole na ole. Ka ọ na-abanye n'oge uto ya, Marian malitere ime ihe ruru dollar anọ ma ọ bụ ise maka ịbụ abụ, nnukwu ego maka mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 10, Marian sonyeere People's Chorus nke Philadelphia n'okpuru nduzi nke onye na-agụ egwu Emma Azalia Hackley, ebe ọ na-abụkarị onye na-agu egwu.[2][3]

Mgbe Anderson dị afọ iri na abụọ, nna ya merụrụ ahụ n'isi mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Reading Terminal tupu Christmas 1909. N'oge na-adịghị anya ka e mesịrị, nna ya nwụrụ mgbe obi dara ada. Ọ dị afọ iri atọ na asaa. Marian na ezinụlọ ya kwagara n'ụlọ nne na nna nna ya, Benjamin na Isabella Anderson. A mụrụ nna nna ya ka ọ bụrụ ohu ma tọhapụ ya na 1860. Ọ kwagara South Philadelphia, onye mbụ n'ime ezinụlọ ya mere otú ahụ. Mgbe Anderson kwagara n'ụlọ ya, ha abụọ bịara bụrụ ezigbo enyi, ma ọ nwụrụ nanị otu afọ ka ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara ebe ahụ.

Anderson gara Stanton Grammar School, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1912. Ọ bụ ezie na ezinụlọ ya enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ maka nkuzi egwu ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Anderson gara n'ihu na-eme ihe nkiri ebe ọ bụla o nwere ike ma na-amụta ihe n'aka onye ọ bụla dị njikere ịkụziri ya. N'ime afọ iri na ụma ya, ọ nọgidere na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ọrụ egwu nke ụka ya ma na-etinye aka ugbu a n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ndị ukwe okenye. Ọ ghọrọ onye otu Baptists' Young People's Union na Camp Fire Girls, nke nyere ya ohere ụfọdụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị obere.[2] N'ikpeazụ, ndị People's Chorus nke Philadelphia na onye ụkọchukwu nke ụka ya, Reverend Wesley Parks, tinyere ndị isi ndị ọzọ nke obodo ndị isi ojii, nwetara ego ọ chọrọ iji nweta nkuzi ịbụ abụ na Mary Saunders Patterson na ịga South Philadelphia High School, nke ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1921.[4]

N'atụghị egwu, Anderson gbasoro ọmụmụ ihe na nzuzo na obodo ya site na nkwado nke ndị isi ojii Philadelphia, nke mbụ ya na Agnes Reifsnyder, na Giuseppe Boghetti. Ọ zutere Boghetti site n'aka onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. Anderson gbara ya egwu site n'ịbụ abụ "Omimiri miri emi"; anya mmiri gbara ya ozugbo. Boghetti mere ndokwa ịgụgharị egwu Bekee, Russian, Italian na German na Ụlọ Nzukọ Obodo dị na New York City n'April 1924; ọ na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ime ụlọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ tọgbọrọ chakoo ma nweta nyocha na-adịghị mma.

N'afọ 1923, o mere egwu abụọ, "Deep River" na "My Way's Cloudy" maka ụlọ ọrụ Victor.[5]

Ọrụ mmalite

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N'afọ 1925, Anderson nwetara nnukwu ezumike mbụ ya na asọmpi abụ nke New York Philharmonic kwadoro. Dị ka onye mmeri, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na kọntaktị na August 26, 1925, [6] arụmọrụ nke nwetara ihe ịga nke ọma ozugbo na ndị na-ege ntị na ndị nkatọ egwu.  Anderson gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ ya na Frank La Forge na New York. N'oge a, Arthur Judson ghọrọ onye njikwa ya. Ha zutere site na New York Philharmonic. N'ime afọ ole na ole sochirinụ, o mere ọtụtụ egwu egwu na United States, mana ajọ mbunobi agbụrụ gbochiri ọrụ ya inweta ume. Ihe ngosi mbụ ya na Carnegie Hall bụ na 1928. [7]

Ego Rosenwald

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N'oge oge egwu ya n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 1929, Anderson bụrụ abụ na Orchestra Hall na Chicago, nke ọ natara otuto dị ukwuu. Onye nkatọ Herman Devries nke Chicago Evening American dere, "[Anderson] ruru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ izu oke na ihe ọ bụla achọrọ maka nkà olu - ụda ahụ bụ nke ụda olu dị mma, okwu nke kachasị mma, ụdị dị ọcha, nke dị nro, nke egwu.Mana mgbe nke a gasịrị, e nwere nkụda mmụọ, anyị wepụrụ echiche nke talent ka na-akabeghị aka, ma n'ezie talent nke uto nwere ike ịmalite."[14] N'ime ndị na-ege ntị, e nwere ndị nnọchiteanya abụọ sitere na Julius Rosenwald's philanthropic organization, Rosenwald Fund. ndị nnọchiteanya, Ray Field na George Arthur, gbara Anderson ume ka ọ tinye akwụkwọ maka Rosenwald Fellowship, nke o nwetara $1500 iji mụọ na Berlin.

Njem ndị Europe

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Anderson gara Europe, ebe ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ ọnwa na-amụ ihe na Sara Charles-Cahier na Geni Sadero tupu ịmalite njem egwu na Europe nke na-aga nke ọma. [7] N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1930, ọ gara Scandinavia, ebe ọ zutere onye na-akpọ piano na Finland bụ Kosti Vehanen, onye ghọrọ onye na-agụ egwú ya na onye na-azụ ya ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Ọ zutekwara John Sibelius site na Vehanen mgbe ọ nụrụ ya na kọntaktị na Helsinki. N'ịbụ onye arụmọrụ ya kpaliri, Sibelius kpọrọ ha n'ụlọ ya ma gwa nwunye ya ka o weta champagne n'ọnọdụ kọfị ọdịnala. Sibelius toro Anderson maka arụmọrụ ya; o chere na o nwere ike ịbanye na mkpụrụ obi Nordic. Ha abụọ malitere ọbụbụenyi ozugbo, nke gara n'ihu na mmekọrịta ọkachamara, na ọtụtụ afọ Sibelius gbanwere ma dee egwu maka Anderson. O mepụtara usoro ọhụrụ nke abụ "Solitude" ma nyefee ya Anderson na 1939. Na mbụ The Jewish Girl's Song site na egwu ya na-enweghị isi na 1906 na Belshazzar's Feast, ọ mechara bụrụ ngalaba "Solitude" nke ndị egwú nke sitere na egwu na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla.[8][9]

N'afọ 1933, Anderson mere mpụta mbụ ya na Europe na egwu egwu na Wigmore Hall na London, bụ ebe a nabatara ya nke ọma. N'afọ ndị mbụ nke 1930, ọ gara Europe, ebe ọ na-ezuteghị ajọ mbunobi ndị ọ nwetara na America.[18] Anderson, ya na Vehanen, gara n'ihu na-eme njem na Europe niile n'etiti afọ 1930. Tupu ọ laghachi Scandinavia, ebe ndị na-akwado ya nwere "Marian fever", ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Russia na obodo ndị dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe.[10] Ọ ghọrọ ọkacha mmasị nke ọtụtụ ndị nduzi na ndị na-ede egwu nke nnukwu ndị egwu Europe ngwa ngwa. N'oge njem 1935 na Salzburg, onye nduzi Arturo Toscanini gwara ya na ya nwere olu "anụtụla otu ugboro n'ime otu narị afọ" [11][12]

Njem ndị America

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Na 1934, impresario Sol Hurok nyere Anderson nkwekọrịta ka mma karịa ka ya na Arthur Judson nwere na mbụ. Ọ ghọrọ onye njikwa ya wee mee ka ọ laghachi America iji mee ihe nkiri.[23] N'afọ 1935, Anderson mere ngosi mpụtaghachi nke abụọ ya na The Town Hall, New York City, bụ nke natara nlebanya dị mma nke ukwuu site n'aka ndị nkatọ egwu.[1] Ọ nọrọ afọ anọ sochirinụ ịgagharị na United States na Europe niile. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ndị Europe nyere ya ọrụ opera, mana Anderson jụrụ ha niile n'ihi enweghị ahụmahụ ya. O mere, Otú ọ dị, dekọọ ọtụtụ arias na studio, nke ghọrọ bestsellers.

Ihe ndị Anderson rụzuru dị ka onye na-abụ abụ emeghị ka ọ ghara ịbanye na iwu Jim Crow na 1930. N'agbanyeghị na ọ na-enye ihe dị ka iri asaa recitals kwa afọ na United States, ụfọdụ ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ America ka na-atụgharị Anderson. N'etiti ịkpa oke a, Albert Einstein, onye mmeri nke nnabata agbụrụ, kwadoro Anderson n'ọtụtụ oge, nke mbụ bụ na 1937 mgbe a jụrụ ya ọnụ ụlọ nkwari akụ mgbe ọ na-eme egwuregwu na Mahadum Princeton.[1]. Bochum mbụ Einstein nwetara Anderson ghọrọ isiokwu egwuregwu, "Onyenwe m, kedu abalị", na 2021.[2] Ọ nọrọ na ya ọnwa ole na ole tupu ya anwụọ na 1955.[13]

Egwuregwu Ncheta Lincoln nke 1939

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  Na 1939, Sarah Corbin Robert, onye isi nke Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) gọnahụrụ Anderson maka egwu egwu na Eprel 9 na DAR Constitution Hall n'okpuru iwu ndị na-eme ọcha naanị n'oge ahụ. Na mgbakwunye na amụma ahụ. na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, Washington, DC, bụ obodo kewapụrụ iche, ndị isi ojii na-ewe iwe na ha ga-anọdụ ala n'azụ Ụlọ Nzukọ Iwu. Ọzọkwa, Constitutionlọ Nzukọ Iwu enweghị ụlọ ịsa ahụ ọha dị iche iche nke iwu DC chọrọ maka mmemme ndị dị otú ahụ. Ebe DC ndị ọzọ abụghị nhọrọ: dịka ọmụmaatụ, District of Columbia Board of Education jụrụ arịrịọ maka iji ụlọ mgbakọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ọha na eze ọcha.[14]

N'echi ya, Charles Edward Russell, onye guzobere National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) na onye isi oche nke DC Citywide Inter-Racial Committee, nwere nzukọ nke Marian Anderson Citizens Committee (MACC). Nke a gụnyere National Negro Congress, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, American Federation of Labor, na Washington Industrial Council-CIO, ndị isi ụka na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe n'obodo ahụ, na ọtụtụ òtù ndị ọzọ. MACC họpụtara Charles Hamilton Houston dị ka onyeisi oche ya ma na Febụwarị 20, otu ahụ mere ngagharị iwe na Board of Education, chịkọtara mbinye aka na mkpesa, ma hazie ngagharị iwe n'ìgwè na nzukọ ọzọ.[15]

N'ime iwe ahụ, ọtụtụ puku ndị otu DAR, gụnyere First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, gbara arụkwaghịm na nzukọ ahụ. [16] [17][18] Roosevelt degaara DAR akwụkwọ ozi, sị: "Enweghị m nkwekọrịta zuru oke na àgwà a na-ewere n'ịjụ Constitution Hall na nnukwu onye na-ese ihe ... Ị nwere ohere iduzi n'ụzọ na-enwu gbaa ma o yiri m ka nzukọ gị adaala. " 

Otú ọ dị, onye edemede Africa America bụ Zora Neale Hurston, katọrọ ọdịda Roosevelt n'ịkatọ mkpebi otu oge nke Board of Education nke District of Columbia, ugbu a District of Columbia State Board of Education, iji wepụ Anderson n'ịbụ abụ na Central High School. Hurston kwupụtara na "ịgbapụ ndị na-ahụ maka ajọ mbunobi agbụrụ ga-abụ ịta ndị na-ebo ebubo na ikpughe ndị na-ebubo n'onwe ha. District of Columbia enweghị ọchịchị ụlọ; ọ bụ kọmitii ndị omebe iwu na-achịkwa ya, na Congress n'oge ahụ bụ ndị Democrats. Ọ bụ ndị mmadụ na-eti mkpu megide DAR na-achị. N'ụzọ m si eche echiche, a ga-akatọ ebe abụọ ahụ, ma ọ bụ ọ bụghị.[19]

Ka esemokwu ahụ na-etolite, ndị nta akụkọ America kwadoro oke ikike Anderson nwere ịbụ abụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Philadelphia Tribune dere, sị, "Otu ụmụ nwanyị ochie na-ama jijiji, bụ ndị na-amaghị ọdịiche dị n'etiti ịhụ mba n'anya na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, manyela nwanyị nwanyị mbụ nwere amara ịrịọ mgbaghara maka mkparị mba ha." Richmond Times-Dispatch dere, sị, "N'ụbọchị ndị a nke enweghị ndidi agbụrụ nke a na-egosipụta n'ụzọ obi ọjọọ na Third Reich, omume dịka mmachibido iwu DAR ... yiri ka ọ na-ewute ya."[1] Site na nkwado nke Eleanor Roosevelt, Onye isi ala Roosevelt na Walter White, onye odeakwụkwọ NAACP mgbe ahụ, na onye njikwa Anderson, Sol Hurok, mere ka odeakwụkwọ nke ime obodo Harold L. Ickes kwenye ka ọ hazie egwu egwu ikuku na steepụ nke Lincoln Memorial.  Emere egwu a na Sọnde Sọnde, Eprel 9. Vehanen sonyeere Anderson, dị ka ọ na-adị na mbụ.  Ha ji ntughari nkwanye ugwu ma na-akpali akpali nke "Mba m, 'Tis of Gi" malite mmemme ahụ.  Ihe omume ahụ dọtara igwe mmadụ karịrị 75,000 na mgbakwunye na ndị na-ege redio nke mba nke nde mmadụ.[20]

Ọnwa abụọ ka e mesịrị, na njikọ nke 30 NAACP ogbako na Richmond, Virginia, Eleanor Roosevelt kwuru okwu na mba redio (NBC na CBS) ma nye Anderson na 1939 Spingarn Medal maka pụrụ iche mmezu.[1] Na 2001, a họọrọ ihe nkiri ihe nkiri nke egwu ahụ maka Ndekọ Ihe Nkiri nke Mba, na 2008, ahọpụtara mkpuchi redio NBC nke ihe omume ahụ maka Ndekọ Ndekọ Mba.[17]

N'etiti ọrụ

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Ihe ndị dị n'èzí
audio icon Anderson na Dimitri Mitropoulos na-eme ihe nkiri na Lewisohn Stadium na 1952

N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na Agha Korea, Anderson nabatara ndị agha n'ụlọ ọgwụ na na ntọala. Na 1943, ọ bụrụ abụ n'Ụlọ Nzukọ Iwu, ebe DAR kpọrọ ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ n'ihu ndị na-ege ntị agbakwunyere dịka akụkụ nke uru maka Red Cross America. O kwuru banyere ihe omume ahụ, "Mgbe m mechara banye na ogbo nke Constitutionlọ Nzukọ Iwu, ọ dị m ka ọ nweghị ihe dị iche ka m nwere n'ụlọ nzukọ ndị ọzọ. Ọ nweghị mmetụta nke mmeri. Enwere m mmetụta na ọ bụ ụlọ egwu mara mma, enwere m obi ụtọ nke ukwuu. ịgụ abụ n'ebe ahụ." N'ụzọ dị iche, Board of Education District nke Columbia nọgidere na-egbochi ya iji ụlọ nzukọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na District nke Columbia. [17]

  • Anderson at the Department of the Interior in 1943, commemorating her 1939 concert
    Anderson na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị n'Ime na 1943, na-echeta egwu egwu ya na 1939
  • Portrait of Marian Anderson by Laura Wheeler Waring (1944).
    Foto nke Marian Anderson nkeLaura Wheeler Waring(1944).

Ihe ngosi Afọ 50 nke Ford

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Na June 15, 1953, Anderson bụ isi okwu The Ford 50th Anniversary Show, nke a na-agbasa site na New York City na NBC na CBS. N'etiti mmemme ahụ, ọ bụrụ abụ "Ọ nwere ụwa dum n'aka ya". Ọ laghachiri iji mechie mmemme ahụ na ntụgharị ya nke "Battle Hymn of the Republic". Ihe omume ahụ dọtara ndị na-ege ntị nde mmadụ iri isii.  Afọ iri anọ mgbe mgbasa ozi ahụ gasịrị, onye na-enyocha telivishọn bụ Tom Shales chetara mgbasa ozi ahụ dị ka "ihe ịrịba ama na telivisheneng" na "ihe dị ịrịba ama n'ime ndụ ọdịbendị nke '50s".[21]

Metropolitan Opera

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Na Jenụwarị 7, 1955, Anderson ghọrọ onye America mbụ nke Africa ka ya na Metropolitan Opera na New York bụrụ abụ. Na ọkpụkpọ òkù nke onye nduzi Rudolf Bing, ọ bụrụ abụ akụkụ nke Ulrica na Giuseppe Verdi's Un ballo na maschera (n'akụkụ Zinka Milanov, mgbe ahụ Herva Nelli, dị ka Amelia).[1] Anderson mechara kwuo banyere mgbede, sị, "Mgbochi ahụ bilitere na ọnọdụ nke abụọ na m nọ n'ebe ahụ na ogbo, na-agwakọta ihe ọkụkụ nke amoosu. Ama m jijiji, mgbe ndị na-ege ntị na-eto ma na-eto eto tupu m enwee ike ịbụ abụ, enwere m mmetụta na m na-agbanye n'ime a. eriri." Ọ bụ ezie na ọ pụtaghị na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ọzọ, a kpọrọ Anderson onye na-adịgide adịgide na ụlọ ọrụ Metropolitan Opera. N'afọ sochirinụ, e bipụtara akụkọ ndụ ya, My Lord, What a Morning, wee bụrụ onye kacha ere ahịa.[17]

Nraranye onye isi ala na nlegharị anya ndị nnọchite anya ihe ọma

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N'afọ 1957, ọ bụrụ abụ maka nraranye nke Onye isi ala Dwight D. Eisenhower, [22] wee gaa India na Far East dị ka onye nnọchi anya obiọma site na Ngalaba steeti US na American National Theater and Academy. Ọ gara 35,000 (56,000) n'ime izu iri na abụọ, na-enye 24 concerts. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Onye isi ala Eisenhower họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ nke United Nations. N'otu afọ ahụ, a họpụtara ya Fellow nke American Academy of Arts and Sciences . [23] N'afọ 1958, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya United Nations, ọrụ ya dị ka "onye nnọchi anya ezi uche" nke US.[17]

Na Jenụwarị 20, 1961, ọ bụrụ abụ maka nraranye nke Onye isi ala John F. Kennedy, na 1962 ọ bụrụ abụ nye Onye isi ala Kennedy na ndị ọzọ nọ n'ọkwá dị elu na East Room nke White House wee gaa Australia. Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịkwado òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ n'afọ ndị 1960. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ịgba egwú na enyemaka nke America-Israel Cultural Foundation, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People na Congress of Racial Equality. N'afọ 1963, ọ bụrụ abụ na March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom . N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ natara otu n'ime ihe nrite ọhụrụ nke nnwere onwe onye, nke a na-enye maka "onyinye dị mma maka nchekwa ma ọ bụ ọdịmma mba nke United States, Udo Ụwa ma ọ bụ omenala ma ọ bụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa nke ọha na eze ma ọ bụ nke onwe. "Ọ weputara otu abọm, Snoopycat: The Adventures of Marian Anderson's Cat Snoopy, nke gụnyere akụkọ dị mkpirikpi na abụ banyere nwamba ojii ọ hụrụ n'anya. [24] N'otu afọ ahụ, Anderson mechiri njem nke ọma ya, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ lara ezumike nká n'ihu ọha. Njem mba ụwa malitere na Constitution Hall na Satọdee Ọktoba 24, 1964, wee gwụ na Eprel 18, 1965, na Carnegie Hall.[17] N'afọ 1965, ọ kpọrọ ụgbọ mmiri nuklia USS George Washington Carver .[49]

Ndụ e mesịrị

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Ihe osise nke Betsy Graves Reyneau

Ọ bụ ezie na Anderson lara ezumike nká n'ịbụ abụ na 1965, ọ nọgidere na-apụta n'ihu ọha. Ọ na-akọkarị ihe nkiri Lincoln Portrait nke Aaron Copland, ya na nwa nwanne ya nwoke James DePriest na-eduzi.[25] N'afọ 1976, Copland duziri ihe ngosi ya na ndị Philadelphia Orchestra na Saratoga . [26] A nabatara ihe ndị ọ rụzuru n'ọtụtụ nsọpụrụ, gụnyere Mahadum Pennsylvania Glee Club Award of Merit na 1973; United Nations Peace Prize, New York City's Handel Medallion, na Congressional Gold Medal, niile na 1977; Kennedy Center Honors na 1978; George Peabody Medal na 1981; National Medal of Arts na 1986; na Grammy Award for Lifetime Achievement na 1991.[27] Ihe ncheta ọla edo nke ọkara ounce bụ nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Akụ̀ na Ụba nke United States sere na ya na 1980. Afọ anọ ka e mesịrị, ọ bụ onye mbụ a na-asọpụrụ na Eleanor Roosevelt Human Rights Award nke City of New York.[17] E nyere ya nzere doctoral 24 site na Mahadum Howard, Mahadum Temple, Mahadim Smith na ọtụtụ kọleji na mahadum ndị ọzọ.[25]

Ndụ onwe onye

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Anderson na-eme ka otu ndị agha gara mba ọzọ na ndị WAC na-eme ihe nkiri na San Antonio Municipal Auditorium, 1945.

Na Julaị 17, 1943, Anderson ghọrọ nwunye nke abụọ nke onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Orpheus H. "King" Fisher na Betel, Connecticut. Fisher gwara ya ka ọ lụọ ya mgbe ha na-eto eto, ma ọ jụrụ n'oge ahụ n'ihi na ọ na-atụ egwu na ọ ga-eme ka ọ ghara ịkụ egwú ya.[1] Agbamakwụkwọ ahụ bụ emume nzuzo nke onye ụkọchukwu United Methodist Rev. Jack Grenfell mere ma bụrụ isiokwu nke akụkọ dị mkpirikpi akpọrọ "Akụkọ 'Inside'", nke nwunye Rev. Grenfell, Dr. Clarine Coffin Grenfell dere, n'akwụkwọ ya bụ Women My. Di lụrụ di, gụnyere Marian Anderson,Dị ka Dr. Grenfell si kwuo, ekwesịrị ka agbamakwụkwọ ahụ mee na parsonage, ma n'ihi ire bred n'ala ahịhịa nke Bethel United Methodist Church, e bufere ememe ahụ na nkeji ikpeazụ na Elmwood Chapel, nke dị na saịtị ahụ. nke ebe a na-eli ozu Elmwood dị na Betel, iji mee ka ihe omume ahụ dị na nzuzo. [28][29]

Site n'alụmdi na nwunye a, ọ nwetara nwa nwa, James Fisher, site na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ di ya na Ida Gould, nwanyị ọcha.[59]

N'afọ 1940, na-achọ ebe ezumike pụọ n'anya ọha na eze, Anderson na Fisher zụrụ ụlọ ugbo Victoria nwere okpukpu atọ na ugbo 100-acre (40 hectare) na Danbury, Connecticut, mgbe ha nyochachara ya na New York, New Jersey, na Connecticut. N'ime afọ ndị gafeworonụ, o wuru ọtụtụ ihe owuwu na ihe onwunwe ahụ, gụnyere ụlọ mmega ahụ ọ rụpụtara maka nwunye ya. Ihe onwunwe ahụ nọgidere bụrụ ụlọ Anderson ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 50.

Site na 1943, o biri n'ugbo Orpheus kpọrọ Marianna Farm. Ugbo ahụ dị n'okporo ụzọ Joe's Hill, na mpaghara Mill Plain nke ọdịda anyanwụ Danbury. Ọ rụrụ ụlọ ebe a na-azụ anụ ụlọ nwere ọnụ ụlọ atọ ka ọ bụrụ ebe obibi, o jikwa ihe owuwu dị iche iche nke nwere otu ọnụ ụlọ mee ihe dị ka studio ya. Na 1996, a kpọrọ ugbo ahụ otu n'ime saịtị 60 na okporo ụzọ nnwere onwe Connecticut. A kpaliri ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ na ogbe ndịda Danbury dị ka ụlọ ọrụ Marian Anderson.

Dị ka onye bi n'obodo, Anderson chọrọ ibi ndụ dị ka o kwere mee, na-ajụ onyinye a ga-emeso ya na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na ụlọ ahịa dị ka onye ama ama. A maara ya ka ọ na-eleta Danbury State Fair ma na-abụ abụ n'ụlọ nzukọ obodo n'oge ọkụ nke ihe ịchọ mma Krismas. O nyere egwu na Danbury High School, jere ozi na bọọdụ nke Danbury Music Center, ma kwado Charles Ives Center for the Arts na Danbury Chapter nke NAACP.

Na 1986, Orpheus Fisher nwụrụ mgbe afọ 43 nke alụmdi na nwunye gasịrị. Anderson nọgidere na-ebi na Marianna Farm ruo 1992, otu afọ tupu ọnwụ ya. Ọ bụ ezie na e rere ụlọ ahụ nye ndị mmepe, ndị nchekwa dị iche iche yana Obodo Danbury lụrụ ọgụ iji chebe ụlọ ọrụ Anderson. Mgbalị ha mere nke ọma, Danbury Museum na Historical Society natara onyinye sitere na steeti Connecticut, bugharịa ma weghachi ihe owuwu ahụ, ma meghee ya ọha na eze na 2004. Na mgbakwunye na ịhụ studio ahụ, ndị ọbịa nwere ike ịhụ foto na ihe ncheta sitere na ya. ihe ịrịba ama na ọrụ Anderson

Ihe ncheta Marian Anderson na Eden CemeteryEbe E liri ozu Eden

N'afọ 1992, Anderson kwagara n'ụlọ nwa nwanne ya nwoke, onye nduzi James DePreist, na Portland, Oregon. Ọ nwụrụ n'ebe ahụ n'April 8, 1993, n'ihi nkụchi obi, mgbe ọ dị afọ 96. [30] E liri ya na Eden Cemetery, na Collingdale, Pennsylvania . [31]

Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ

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  • 1939: Ihe nrite NAACP Spingarn[32]
  • 1963: Ihe nrite nke nnwere onwe onye nke onye isi ala [33]
  • 1973: Mahadum nke Pennsylvania Glee Club Award of Merit [34]
  • 1973: National Women's Hall of Fame [35]
  • 1977: Ihe nrite udo nke United Nations [36]
  • 1977: New York City - Handel Medallion[36]
  • 1977: Ihe nrite ọla edo nke Congress [37]
  • 1978: Kennedy Center Honors [38]
  • 1980: Ihe nrite ncheta ọla edo nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Akụ̀ na Ụba nke United States [39]
  • 1984: Ihe nrite Eleanor Roosevelt Human Rights nke City of New York [40]
  • 1986: National Medal of Arts [41]
  • 1991: Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award[42]
  • Doctorate Honorary site na Mahadum Howard, Mahadum Temple, Smith College [43]
  • 1998: American Classical Music Hall of Fame [44]

Ihe Nketa

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This eight foot bronze sculpture was erected on November 9, 2006, in front of Twichell Auditorium on the campus of Converse College in Spartanburg, South Carolina. Designed by New York-based artist Meredith Bergmann and commissioned by the college; the sculpture is housed permanently on the campus.
Ihe a tụrụ atụ nke Anderson, Converse College, South Carolina

Ndị edemede, ndị na-ese ihe, na obodo, steeti, na òtù mba na-echeta ndụ na nka Anderson. Ihe ndị na-esonụ bụ ndepụta ahọpụtara:

  • Ọ bụ ihe nlereanya na ihe mkpali nye Leontyne Price na Jessye Norman.[17]
  • 1948: ihe nkiri redio Destination Freedom weghachiri ndụ mbụ ya na ihe omume "Choir Girl from Philadelphia".[45]
  • 1976: N'etiti ndị akụkọ ihe mere eme gosipụtara na ihe osise Our Nation's 200th Birthday, The Telephone's 100th Birthday nke Stanley Meltzoff maka Bell System.
  • 1999: Egwuregwu egwu otu ihe akpọrọ My Lord, What a Morning: The Marian Anderson Story bụ nke Kennedy Center mepụtara. [46] Egwú ahụ nwetara aha ya site na akwụkwọ ncheta Anderson, nke Viking bipụtara na 1956. [47]
  • 2001: A họọrọ ihe nkiri ihe nkiri nke 1939, Marian Anderson: The Lincoln Memorial Concert maka nchekwa na United States National Film Registry site na Library of Congress dị ka "ihe dị mkpa na ọdịbendị, akụkọ ihe mere eme, ma ọ bụ mara mma". [17]
  • 2002: Molefi Kete Asante gụnyere Anderson n'akwụkwọ ya,100 Greatest African Americans .
  • 2005: stampụ US sọpụrụ Anderson dị ka akụkụ nke usoro Black Heritage.[48] A na-egosikwa Anderson na US $ 5,000 Series I United States Savings Bond.
  • 2008: A BBC Radio 4 documentary, Freedom Song nke Ekene Akalawu mepụtara, bụ nke mbụ a na-agbasa na Jenụwarị 24, 2008. [49]
  • 2011: A gbakwunyere Ụlọ Marian Anderson, na Philadelphia, na National Register of Historic Places. [50][51]
  • 2016: The Union Baptist Church (Wuru 1915-16), 1910 Fitzwater Street, Philadelphia, PA, agbakwunyere na Philadelphia Register of Historic Places, n'okpuru Criteria A na J, nke mbụ bụ maka njikọ ya na Marian Anderson, na-enye nchebe iwu maka ụlọ ahụ site na mgbanwe na mbibi.[52]
  • 2016: Jack Lew kwupụtara na Anderson ga-apụta ya na Eleanor Roosevelt na Martin Luther King Jr. n'azụ akwụkwọ iwu US $ 5 e mere atụmatụ ka a kpughee ya n'afọ 2020, ncheta 100 nke Ndezigharị Iwu nke 19 nke nyere ụmụ nwanyị na America ikike ịtụ vootu.
  • 2021: Ndụ Anderson na esemokwu nke Ụlọ Nzukọ Iwu nke 1939 na kọntaktị ya na-esote na Lincoln Memorial bụ isiokwu nke ihe ngosi, Voice of Freedom, nke gosipụtara dị ka ihe omume nke American Experience na PBS.[53]
  • London, England, nwere ụlọ mmanya a na-akpọ The Marian Anderson, na Bowling Green Lane, Clerkenwell, London EC1R 0BJ.
  • 2024: Na June 8, a gbanwere aha Verizon Hall na Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts ka ọ bụrụ Marian Anderson Hall iji sọpụrụ ya.[54]

Ihe nrite Marian Anderson

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Anderson guzobere onyinye nrite Marian Anderson na 1943 ka enyechara ya The Philadelphia Award na 1940, nke gụnyere $25,000 na ego nrite (nke $543,705 na 2023). Anderson ji ego ahụ guzobe asọmpi ịbụ abụ iji nyere ndị na-eto eto na-abụ abụ aka. Ego nrite ahụ gwụrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya wee gbasaa na 1976. Na 1990, eweghachiri ihe nrite ahụ wee nye ya kwa afọ ruo 2019, mgbe enyere Kool & Gang onyinye ikpeazụ.

N'afọ 1998, a gbanwere ego mmeri Marian Anderson Award ka e nye ya onye na-ese ihe, ọ bụghị onye na-agụ egwú, onye na-egosipụta idu ndú n'ógbè ọrụ ebere.

Na 2020 na 2021, a kagburu emume n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19.

N'afọ 2022, ihe nrite ahụ si na ọrụ nzuzo gaa na mmemme nke Play On Philly na-elekọta, ọgbakọ nkuzi egwu oge gboo gbadoro anya na ndị ntorobịa obodo. Kama emume nturu ugo kwa afọ, ejiri ego ahụ mepụta Mmemme Artist nke Marian Anderson Young, [1] mmemme na-akwụghị ụgwọ nke nwere ebumnuche ijere ndị obodo ha ewepụrụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọkwa kachasị elu nke egwu egwu. na structural mgbochi na mba anyị". [55]

Hụkwa

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  • Ndepụta nke ndị Africa America mbụ
  • Ndepụta nke ngagharị iwe na ngagharị iwe dị na Washington, D.C.
  • Ụlọ Marian Anderson

Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ Beisert (August 11, 2015). Philadelphia Register of Historic Places Nomination: Union Baptist Church, 711-15 S. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA. Keeping Society of Philadelphia. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved on November 27, 2020.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Schenbeck (2012). Racial Uplift and American Music. Univ. Press of Mississippi, 177. ISBN 978-1-61703-230-1. Schenbeck, Lawrence (2012). Racial Uplift and American Music. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-61703-230-1.
  3. ↑ Chidi (2014). Greatest Black Achievers in History. Lulu Press, 532. ISBN 978-1-291-90933-3. OCLC 980490928. 
  4. ↑ Bond (January 19, 2007). Marian Anderson (1897–1993). BlackPast.org. Archived from the original on April 15, 2020. Retrieved on February 26, 2020.
  5. ↑ Marian Anderson. Discography of American Historical Recordings. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved on August 5, 2020.
  6. ↑ Aberjhani (2003). Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance. Infobase, 11–13. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Marian Anderson in recital here this Monday night", New journal and guide, December 1, 1928."Marian Anderson in recital here this Monday night". New journal and guide. December 1, 1928.
  8. ↑ "Arrangements for voice and piano", The Finnish Club of Helsinki. Retrieved on February 23, 2007.
  9. ↑ "Belshazzar's Feast", The Finnish Club of Helsinki. Retrieved on February 23, 2007.
  10. ↑ Marian Anderson papers: Biography/History. University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved on November 24, 2014.
  11. ↑ Penn Special Collections-MA Register 4. U Penn. Archived from the original on October 28, 2012. Retrieved on December 13, 2012.
  12. ↑ Marian Anderson Papers, ca. 1900–1993 – Scope and Content Note. University of Pennsylvania Library Special Collections-MA Register 4 (January 31, 2003). Archived from the original on June 7, 2007. Retrieved on December 6, 2007.
  13. ↑ Walter Isaacson, Einstein: His Life and Universe, Simon & Schuster, 2007, p. 445.
  14. ↑ "What we can give", Rolla Daily News, June 12, 2015. Retrieved on March 4, 2020.
  15. ↑ Simpson (March 14, 2013). DC's Old Jim Crow Rocked by 1939 Marian Anderson Concert. Washington Spark. Archived from the original on July 27, 2013. Retrieved on March 25, 2013.
  16. ↑ Mark Leibovich, "Rights vs. Rights: An Improbable Collision Course", The New York Times, January 13, 2008.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 Allan Kozinn, "Marian Anderson Is Dead at 96; Singer Shattered Racial Barriers", The New York Times, April 9, 1993.
  18. ↑ NBC Radio coverage of Marian Anderson's recital at the Lincoln Memorial. National Recording Preservation Board (April 9, 1939). Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved on July 21, 2022.
  19. ↑ Beito (November 15, 2023). "Zora and Eleanor: Toward a Fuller Understanding of the First Lady's Civil Rights Legacy". Independent Institute. Retrieved on November 18, 2023. 
  20. ↑ Hansen (2005). Marian Anderson, Voice of the Century. United States Postal Service. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved on August 5, 2007.
  21. ↑ "Ford's 50th anniversary show was milestone of '50s culture", Palm Beach Daily News, December 26, 1993, p. B3. Retrieved on October 17, 2020.
  22. ↑ Inaugurations | Eisenhower Presidential Library. www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov. Archived from the original on January 18, 2024. Retrieved on 2024-04-13.
  23. ↑ Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on June 18, 2006. Retrieved on April 18, 2011.
  24. ↑ Anderson. Snoopycat: The Adventures of Marian Anderson's Cat Snoopy. Smithsonian Folkways. Archived from the original on April 23, 2009. Retrieved on December 23, 2022.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Brooks Higginbotham (2004). African American Lives. Oxford University Press, 25. ISBN 978-0-19-988286-1. 
  26. ↑ Arsenault, Raymond. (2009). The sound of freedom: Marian Anderson, the Lincoln Memorial, and the concert that awakened America, 1st U.S., New York: Bloomsbury Press, 120. ISBN 978-1-59691-578-7. OCLC 236341217. 
  27. ↑ The University of Pennsylvania Glee Club Award of Merit Recipients. Archived from the original on February 9, 2012.
  28. ↑ Local Organizations List. Bethel Public Library. Archived from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved on December 13, 2012.
  29. ↑ General Conference Archives. Adventist archives. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved on December 13, 2012.
  30. ↑ (2004) in Ware: Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01488-6. 
  31. ↑ Mengers (April 10, 2009). Singer's courage recalled on anniversary of historic performance. www.delcotimes.com. Delco Times. Archived from the original on November 2, 2020. Retrieved on November 2, 2020.
  32. ↑ NAACP | Spingarn Medal Winners: 1915 to today. NAACP. Archived from the original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved on September 1, 2020.
  33. ↑ Presidential Medal of Freedom. John F. Kennedy: Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved on September 1, 2020.
  34. ↑ Penn Glee Club: Awards. Penn Glee Club. Archived from the original on August 17, 2020. Retrieved on September 1, 2020.
  35. ↑ Anderson, Marian. National Women's Hall of Fame – Marion Anderson. Archived from the original on November 20, 2018. Retrieved on November 19, 2018.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Quindlen. "Marian Anderson Honored at 75 by Carnegie Hall Concert", The New York Times, February 28, 1977. Retrieved on September 1, 2020.
  37. ↑ The Congressional Gold Medal for Singer Marian Anderson. United States House of Representative: History, Art & Archives (March 8, 1977). Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved on September 1, 2020.
  38. ↑ Kennedy Center Honors 1978 [Honorees: Fred Astaire, Richard Roders, George Balanchine, Marion Anderson, Arthur Rubenstein (TV)]. www.paleycenter.org. Archived from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved on September 1, 2020.
  39. ↑ "Gold Sale: A Modern Gold Rush", The Charlotte Observer, July 21, 1980. Retrieved on September 1, 2020.
  40. ↑ "Eleanor Roosevelt's Human Rights Efforts Remembered with Award", Tyler Morning Telegraph, July 26, 1984. Retrieved on September 1, 2020.
  41. ↑ Marian Anderson (en). NEA (April 9, 2013). Archived from the original on September 29, 2020. Retrieved on September 1, 2020.
  42. ↑ Lifetime Achievement Award (en). GRAMMY.com (October 18, 2010). Archived from the original on November 20, 2019. Retrieved on September 1, 2020.
  43. ↑ Marian Anderson History | Marian Anderson Campaign. www.wcsu.edu. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved on September 1, 2020.
  44. ↑ Anderson, Marian. Classical Music Walk of Fame. Archived from the original on April 1, 2024. Retrieved on April 1, 2024.
  45. ↑ (1989) in MacDonald: Richard Durham's Destination Freedom. New York: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-93138-2. 
  46. ↑ Kandell. "Highlights in the Life Of Marian Anderson", The New York Times, February 13, 2003.
  47. ↑ Anderson, Marian (2002). My Lord, what a morning : an autobiography. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-07053-4. OCLC 47849455. 
  48. ↑ Holtz. "Noticed; Oops! 9-year-old spots a typo", The New York Times, March 5, 2005. Retrieved on July 21, 2022.
  49. ↑ Freedom Song. BBC Radio 4. Archived from the original on September 23, 2014. Retrieved on November 17, 2008.
  50. ↑ Marian Anderson House. National Park Service. Archived from the original on July 21, 2022. Retrieved on July 21, 2022.
  51. ↑ National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (February 14, 2011). Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved on July 21, 2022.
  52. ↑ Beisert (August 3, 2016). Philadelphia Register of Historic Places Nomination: Union Baptist Church (1915–16). Keeping Society of Philadelphia. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved on November 27, 2020.
  53. ↑ Voice of Freedom: Turbulent Times Turned An Artist Into A Hero. American Experience. PBS (February 15, 2021). Archived from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved on February 17, 2021.
  54. ↑ Dobrin (June 8, 2024). It’s official: Philadelphia Orchestra’s home now called Marian Anderson Hall. The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 9, 2024. Retrieved on June 9, 2024.
  55. ↑ Marian Anderson Young Artist Program (en-US). Play On Philly. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved on 2024-05-29.

Ebe e si nweta ya

Akwụkwọ

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  • Arsenault, Raymond, The Sound of Freedom: Marian Anderson, Lincoln Memorial, na Concert that Awakened America. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]   ISBN 978-1-59691-578-7. 
  • Freedman, Russell, The Voice that Challenged a Nation: Marian Anderson and the Struggle for Equal Rights. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]   ISBN 978-0-618-15976-5. 
  • Sims-Wood, Janet L, Marian Anderson: Annotated Bibliography and Discography. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1981.   ISBN 978-0-313-22559-8. 
  • Steane (1996). Singers of the Century. London: Amadeus Press, 46–50. ISBN 978-1-57467-009-7. 
  • Story (1993). And So I Sing: African American Divas of Opera and Concert. New York: Amistad Press. ISBN 978-1-56743-011-0. 
  • Vehanen [1941] (2018). Marian Anderson: A Portrait. New York: Forgotten Books. ISBN 978-0-8371-4051-3. 

Ndenye akụkọ ndụ

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Nchịkọta diski ndị a họọrọ

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  • Marian AndersonnaAllMusic
  • Marian Andersondiski naDiscogs
  • Marian Anderson na Discography nke American Historical Recordings
  • Marian Anderson: Akụkọ ndụ na Bach Cantatas Nchịkọta na Bach Cantates

Njikọ mpụga

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Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marian_Anderson&oldid=174499