Asụsụ Arawak

Asụsụ Arawak

language family

obere ụdị nke	indigenous language of South America
ụdị asụsụ	polysynthetic language

Arawak (Arahuacan, Maipuran Arawakan, "mainstream" Arawakan, Arawakan n'onwe ya), nke a makwaara dị ka Maipurean (nke a na-akpọkwa Maipuran, Maipureano, Maipúre), bụ ezinụlọ asụsụ nke mepụtara n'etiti ndị obodo oge ochie na South America. Alaka ndị ahụ kwagara Central America na Greater Antilles na Caribbean na Atlantic, gụnyere ihe bụ Bahamas ugbu a. A maara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mba South America niile dị ugbu a dị ka ebe obibi nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ Arawakan, ma e wezụga Ecuador, Uruguay, na Chile. Maipurean nwere ike inwe njikọ na ezinụlọ asụsụ ndị ọzọ na Macro-Arawakan.

Filippo S. Gilii nyere ezinụlọ ahụ aha Maipure na 1782, site na Asụsụ Maipure nke Venezuela, nke o ji mee ihe dị ka ihe ndabere maka ntụnyere ya. A gbanwere aha ya site na Asụsụ Arawak dị mkpa karịa otu narị afọ ka e mesịrị. Okwu Arawak weghaara, ruo mgbe ndị ọkà mmụta North America gbatịkwuru ojiji ya na atụmatụ Macro-Arawakan sara mbara. N'oge ahụ, a kpọlitere aha Maipurean maka ezinụlọ ahụ. Lee Arawak <i id="mwIQ">vs</i> Maipurean maka nkọwa zuru ezu.

Echiche nke asụsụ Arawak (ALMH) ^[1] na-atụ aro na ọdịiche dị iche iche nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Arawak nke oge a sitere na ọdịiche nke Asụsụ azụmahịa ma ọ bụ lingua franca nke a na-asụ n'ọtụtụ ala dị ala nke okpomọkụ South America. Ndị na-akwado echiche a gụnyere Santos-Granero (2002) ^[2] na Eriksen (2014). ^{[3] [1]} (2014) na-atụ aro na ezinụlọ Arawakan kewara mgbe 600 OA gasịrị, mana Michael (2020) na-ewere nke a dị ka ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume, na-ekwu na ọdịiche dị n'ime Arawakan karịrị nke asụsụ Romance. ^[4]'aka nke ọzọ, Blench (2015) na-atụ aro mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke mere ihe karịrị puku afọ ole na ole, yiri mgbasa nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Austronesian na Austroasiatic na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.

Dị ka otu n'ime ezinụlọ asụsụ ndị a kacha gbasaa na Amerịka niile, enwere ike ịchọta mmetụta asụsụ Arawakan n'ọtụtụ ezinụlọ asụsụ nke South America. Jolkesky (2016) na-ekwu na e nwere ihe yiri ya na Arawa, Bora-Muinane, Guahibo, Harakmbet-Katukina_languages" id="mwOQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Harakmbet-Katukina languages">Harakmbet-Katukina, Harakambet, Katukina-Katawixi, Irantx, Jaqi, Karib, Kawapana, Kayuvava, Kechua, Kwaza, Leko, Macro-Jê, Macro, Macro -Mataguayo, Mapudungun, Mochika, Mura-Matanawi, Nambikwara, Omurano, Pano-Takana_languages" id="mwSw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Pano-Takana languages">Pano-Takana, Takupi, Pu Pu Puina, Puro, Tupi, Tupi, Tupiina. Otú ^[5] dị, myirịta ndị a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ihe nketa, kọntaktị, ma ọ bụ ohere.

Arawak bụ ezinụlọ kachasị ukwuu na Amerịka n'ihe gbasara ọnụ ọgụgụ asụsụ. Asụsụ Arawak ^[6] nke ndị bi n'ókèala buru ibu na-asụ, site na ndagwurugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke etiti Andes na Peru na Bolivia, gafee Ọdọ mmiri Amazon nke Brazil, n'ebe ugwu gaa na Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana, Venezuela, Trinidad na Tobago na Colombia n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke South America, na n'ebe ndịda dị ka Nicaragua, Honduras, Belize na Guatemala. A na-ahụkarị asụsụ ndị ahụ na Argentina na Paraguay.

Ndị na-asụ asụsụ Arawak kwagara n'àgwàetiti ndị dị na Caribbean ihe dị ka afọ 2,500 gara aga, ^[7] na-ebi na Greater Antilles na Bahamas. ^[8] kwere omume na ụfọdụ asụsụ ndị na-adịghịzi adị na North America, dị ka asụsụ Cusabo na Congaree na South Carolina, bụ ndị otu ezinụlọ a.

A na-asụ Taíno, nke a na-akpọkarị Island Arawak, n'àgwàetiti Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, na Bahamas. Okwu Taino ole na ole ka na-eji Bekee, Spanish, ma ọ bụ ụmụ na-asụ asụsụ Creole nke Haiti n'àgwàetiti ndị a. Asụsụ Taíno gosipụtara nke ọma mana nhazi ya n'ime ezinụlọ Arawakan enweghị esemokwu. Onye ikwu ya kacha nso n'etiti asụsụ Arawakan a kwadoro nke ọma yiri ka ọ bụ Asụsụ Wayuu, nke a na-asụ na Colombia na Venezuela. Ndị ọkà mmụta atụwo aro na ndị Wayuu sitere na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Taíno, mana echiche ahụ yiri ka ọ gaghị ekwe omume igosi ma ọ bụ gbaghaa.   ^{[citation needed]}

Garífuna (ma ọ bụ Black Carib) bụ asụsụ ọzọ Arawakan sitere na agwaetiti ndị ahụ. ^[9] malitere n'ihi ịkwaga n'ike n'etiti ndị Arawak, Carib, na ndị Afrịka. ^[10] na-eme atụmatụ na ọ nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ 195,800 na Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala na Belize. [1]

Taa, asụsụ Arawak ndị nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ ya so n'òtù 'Ta-' (Ta-Maipurean) ndị na-adịbeghị anya: Wayuu [Goajiro], nke nwere ihe dị ka ndị 300,000 na-asụrụ ya; na Garifuna, nke nwere ihe dịka 100,000 ndị na-ekwu ya. Otu Campa na-esote; Asháninca ma ọ bụ Campa n'onwe ya nwere ndị ọkà okwu 15-18,000; na Ashéninca 18-25,000. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ ga-abụ na Terena, nke nwere 10,000 ndị ọkà okwu; na Yanesha' [Amuesha] nke nwere 6-8,000.   ^{[citation needed]}

^[11]Loukotka (1968) depụtara ihe ndị na-esonụ maka asụsụ Arawak.

Nrụzigharị Proto-Arawak site na Aikhenvald (2002): ^[12]

Maka ndepụta nke nrụzigharị Proto-Arawakan site na Jolkesky (2016) ^[5] na Ramirez (2019), ^[13] lee Isiokwu Portuguese kwekọrọ.

• Ndị Arawak
• Okwu Bekee sitere na Arawak
• Nchịkọta nke ụmụ amaala Amerịka

• Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1999). The Arawak language family. In R. M. W. Dixon & A. Y. Aikhenvald (Eds.), The Amazonian languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Templeeti:ISBNISBN 0-521-57021-2; Templeeti:ISBN.
• de Goeje, C. H., (1928). The Arawak language of Guiana, Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, Afdeling Letterkunde, Nieuwe Reeks.
• Deniker, Joseph. (1900). The races of man: an outline of anthropology and ethnography.
• Garifuna. (2015). In M. P. Lewis, G. F. Simmons, & C. D. Fennig (Eds.), Ethnologue: Languages of the world (18th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International.
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. Templeeti:ISBNISBN 0-292-70414-3.
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R.E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
• Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Arawakan". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
• Rudes, Blair A. "Pre-Columbian Links to the Caribbean: Evidence Connecting Cusabo to Taino", paper presented at Language Variety in the South III conference, Tuscaloosa, AL, 16 April 2004.
• Walker (2011). "Bayesian phylogeography of the Arawak expansion in lowland South America". Proceedings. Biological Sciences 278 (1718): 2562–2567. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2010.2579. PMID 21247954. 

 Echiche nke asụsụ Arawak (ALMH) na-atụ aro na ọdịiche dị iche iche nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Arawak nke oge a sitere na ọdịiche nke Asụsụ azụmahịa ma ọ bụ lingua franca nke a na-asụ n'ọtụtụ ala dị ala nke okpomọkụ South America. Ndị na-akwado echiche a gụnyere Santos-Granero (2002) na Eriksen (2014). (2014) na-atụ aro na ezinụlọ Arawakan kewara mgbe 600 OA gasịrị, mana Michael (2020) na-ewere nke a dị ka ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume, na-ekwu na ọdịiche dị n'ime Arawakan karịrị nke asụsụ Romance

• Asụsụ Arawak - Asụsụ - Oxford Bibliographies
• Ebe nchekwa data nke South American Phonological Inventory