Ịkụ ihe n'otu

N'ọrụ ugbo, otu mkpụrụ akụ bụ omume nke ịkọ otu ihe ọkụkụ kwa afọ n'otu ala ahụ. Maize, soybean, na ọka wit bụ ihe ọkụkụ atọ a na-emekarị nke na-ejikarị otu mkpụrụ akụ. A na-akpọkwa monocropping dị ka ihe ọkụkụ na-aga n'ihu, dị ka "ọka na-aga n'ihu." Monocropping na-enye ndị ọrụ ugbo ohere inwe ihe ọkụkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ime ugbo ha niile. Ha nwere ike kụọ naanị ihe ọkụkụ kacha baa uru, jiri otu mkpụrụ ahụ, njikwa pests, igwe na usoro na-eto eto n'ugbo ha dum, nke nwere ike ịbawanye uru n'ozuzu ya.

Enwere ike ịgbakwunye ụdị dị iche iche ma n'oge, dịka na ntụgharị mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ usoro, ma ọ bụ na oghere, na polyculture ma ọ bụ intercropping (lee okpokoro n'okpuru). Rịba ama na ọdịiche dị n'etiti monoculture na polyculture abụghị otu n'etiti monocropping na intercropping. Abụọ ndị mbụ na-akọwa ụdịdị dị iche iche dị na mbara igwe, dị ka ntinye aka. Monocropping na ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ na-akọwa ụdị dị iche iche ka oge na-aga. Nke a na-abụkarị ihe mgbagwoju anya, ọbụlagodi n'akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị. ^[1]

Monocropping dị ka atụmatụ ọrụ ugbo na-emesi ike iji akụrụngwa ugbo pụrụ iche dị oke ọnụ—ihe dị mkpa n'imezu ebumnuche ya nke ọma. Nke a nwere ike iduga n'ịbawanye ntụkwasị obi yana ịdabere na igwe dị oke ọnụ nke enweghị ike imepụta na mpaghara yana enwere ike ịkwado ya. Nke a nwere ike ime mgbanwe dị ukwuu na akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na mpaghara ndị maara nke ọma maka inwe afọ ojuju na mmepụta ugbo. Na mgbakwunye, nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere ike ịmalite mgbe ndabere ndị a gafere oke mba.

Esemokwu ndị dị n'akụkụ monocropping dị mgbagwoju anya, ma na omenala bụ isi okwu na-emetụta nguzozi n'etiti uru ya n'ịbawanye mmepụta nri na-adịru nwa oge-karịsịa na mpaghara agụụ na-agụ agụụ-na ọghọm ya n'ihe gbasara nlekọta ala ogologo oge na ịkwalite akụ na ụba obodo. nnwere onwe na nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndị na-akwado monocropping kwenyere na mmepụta polyculture ga-efu ọnụ na enweghị ike inye onye ọ bụla nri, ebe ndị nkatọ nke monocropping na-arụrịta ụka na nkwupụta ndị a ma na-ekwu na ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ nwere mmasị pụrụ iche, na-ekwu maka mmebi nke monocropping na-akpata na ọha mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo anaghị eme otu ihe ma ọ bụ polyculture, kama na-ekewa ugbo ha ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ala ma na-atụgharị ihe ọkụkụ n'etiti ogige ahụ iji nweta ụfọdụ uru a na-ekwu na usoro abụọ a.

Ihe isi ike na monocropping bụ na ngwọta maka otu nsogbu - ma ọ bụ akụ na ụba, gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị - nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu ndị ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nchegbu a ma ama bụ ọgwụ ahụhụ na fatịlaịza na-abanye n'ime ala gbara ya gburugburu na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala site na nnukwu ala monocropped na US na mba ofesi. Mbipụta a, ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara ọgwụ ahụhụ DDT, rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ilekwasị anya ọha na eze na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na mmetọ n'afọ ndị 1960 mgbe Rachel Carson bipụtara akwụkwọ ya dị ịrịba ama Silent Spring.

Onye nta akụkọ Michael Pollan na-ekwu na monocropping ọ bụghị naanị na ọ na-emebi ala na-eme nri, kamakwa ọ na-ebute mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ ụfọdụ.^[3] Mkpụrụ ọka bụ ihe atụ bụ isi, ebe mmepụta ya gabigara ókè mere ka ọnụahịa ya daa. Mmepụta gabigara ókè maka ọnụahịa dị ala na-eme ka ọtụtụ obere ugbo ghara azụmaahịa, ebe ọtụtụ obere ugpo enweghị ike ịsọ mpi na mmepụta ugbo gọọmentị kwadoro. Nke a na-emegide onwe ya, dị ka Pollan na-ekwu, na-eduga na "ọzara nri" ebe ndị ọrụ ugbo na-emepụta ihe ọkụkụ ụfọdụ nke a na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-apụghị iri eri ma na-arụ ọrụ ọzọ; nke a, tinyere ụgwọ gọọmentị dị ala, na-eme ka ndị ọrụ ugbe na ezinụlọ ha nọrọ n'agụụ.^[3]

Mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke mono-cropping. Mgbanwe nke ihe ọkụkụ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ime ka ihe na-edozi ahụ n'ala, ọkachasị nitrogen nke ikuku gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ ụdị eji eme ihe site na nje bacteria na-ejikọta nitrogen nke na-emepụta mmekọrịta na legumes dị ka soybeans. A pụkwara iji ụfọdụ legumes mee ihe dị ka ihe ọkụkụ mkpuchi ma ọ bụ kụọ ya n'ọhịa ndị a na-emebi emebi. Na mgbakwunye, monocropping na-agba ume iguzogide ọgwụ ahụhụ na evolushọn nje ya mere, ihe ọkụkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'igbochi pathogen na mkpokọta nje.^[4] Otú ọ dị, e nwere ọrịa ole na ole ndị na-adịchaghị njọ na usoro monocropping, dị ka iwere ihe niile na ọka wit, ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe dị ndụ nke na-eri ọrịa na-akpata pathogen na-etolite n'ime afọ ole na ole nke ọnụnọ nke pathogen.

Ọ bụ ezie na usoro akụ na ụba dị ezigbo mma, na-enye ohere maka ọkachamara na ngwá ọrụ na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ, monocropping bụkwa arụmụka, ebe ọ na-emebi gburugburu ebe obibi ala (gụnyere mbelata ma ọ bụ mbelata nke ihe oriri dị iche iche nke ala) ma na-enye niche na-enweghị mgbochi maka ụdị parasitic, na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ ghara ịdị ike maka ụmụ ahụhụ, osisi, na microorganisms. Ihe si na ya pụta bụ usoro okike na-emebi emebi nke na-adabere na ọgwụ ahụhụ na fatịlaịza aka.^[5] Ọnụnọ dị nro nke otu ụdị, nke a na-ejikọta ya na otu usoro iguzogide ya, na-egosi ọnọdụ nke otu ụdị ohere nwere ike ikpochapụ ihe ọkụkụ dum ngwa ngwa. Otu ihe atụ nke a ga-abụ Nnukwu Ụnwụ nke Ireland na 1845-1849.

N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, monocropping nwere ike iduga n'ịgbukpọ ọhịa ma ọ bụ nchụpụ nke ndị obodo. ^[6] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, kemgbe afọ 1970, Amazon Rainforest efunahụla ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke oke ọhịa ya.^[7] Isi ihe kpatara mgbukpọ ọhịa a bụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-egbutu ala maka ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ. Na Colombia, mkpa maka ala ọrụ ugbo na-akpata mwepụ nke ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo.   ^{[citation needed]}

• Ọrụ ugbo siri ike
• Otu ihe ọkụkụ

1. ↑ Mead (1986). "Stability Comparison of Intercropping and Monocropping Systems". Biometrics 42 (2): 253–266. DOI:10.2307/2531048. ISSN 0006-341X. 
2. ↑ Ecological Theories, Meta-Analysis, and the Benefits of Monocultures. Retrieved on 2015-09-18.
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1} Pollan (2006). The omnivore's dilemma: a natural history of four meals. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-59420-082-3. 
4. ↑ Bebber (2015). "Crop-destroying fungal and oomycete pathogens challenge food security". Fungal Genetics and Biology 74: 62–64. DOI:10.1016/j.fgb.2014.10.012. ISSN 1087-1845. PMID 25459533. 
5. ↑ EcoWorld - Trees Ecosystems. Archived from the original on May 22, 2008. Retrieved on 2008-10-13.
6. ↑ Victoria Tauli-Corpuz (May 2007). Oil Palm and Other Commercial Tree Plantations, Monocropping: Impacts on Indigenous Peoples' Land Tenure and Resource Management Systems and Livelihoods. UN.
7. ↑ "Deforestation in the Amazon – Council on Foreign Relations", Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved on 2018-04-12.