Muslihat militer
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Muslihat militer adalah upaya unit militer untuk mendapatkan keuntungan selama peperangan dengan menyesatkan pengambil keputusan musuh agar mengambil tindakan atau tidak melakukan tindakan yang menciptakan kondisi menguntungkan bagi kekuatan yang menipu.[1][2] Hal ini biasanya dicapai dengan menciptakan atau memperkuat kekeliruan perang buatan melalui operasi psikologis, peperangan informasi, penipuan visual, atau metode lainnya.[3] Sebagai bentuk disinformasi, hal ini tumpang tindih dengan peperangan psikologis.[4] Muslihat militer juga terkait erat dengan keamanan operasi di mana keamanan operasi bertujuan untuk menyembunyikan informasi penting dari musuh tentang kemampuan, kegiatan, keterbatasan, dan niat organisasi, atau memberikan penjelasan alternatif yang masuk akal mengenai rincian yang dapat diamati oleh musuh, sementara muslihat mengungkapkan informasi palsu dalam upaya menyesatkan musuh.[5]
Muslihat dalam peperangan sudah ada sejak awal sejarah.[6] Seni Berperang, sebuah risalah militer Tiongkok kuno, menekankan pentingnya muslihat sebagai cara bagi kekuatan yang kalah jumlah untuk mengalahkan musuh yang lebih besar.[7] Contoh muslihat dalam peperangan dapat ditemukan di Mesir Kuno,[8] Yunani Kuno,[9] dan Romawi Kuno,[10] Abad Pertengahan,[11] Renaisans,[12] serta Era Kolonial Eropa.[13] Muslihat digunakan selama Perang Dunia I dan menjadi lebih menonjol lagi selama Perang Dunia II.[14] Di zaman modern, militer beberapa negara telah mengembangkan taktik, teknik, dan prosedur muslihat menjadi doktrin yang lengkap.[15][16][17]
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Caddell 2004, hlm. 1.
- ^ Friedman, Herb. "Deception and Disinformation". Psy Warrior.com. Mechanicsburg, PA: Ed Rouse. Diakses tanggal 7 October 2020.
- ^ Caddell 2004, hlm. 2–3.
- ^ Friedman.
- ^ U.S. Army Combined Arms Center (26 February 2019). FM 3–13.4: Army Support to Military Deception (PDF). Washington, DC: U.S. Army Publishing Directorate. hlm. 2–8. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 10 October 2020. Diakses tanggal 7 October 2020.
- ^ Baker, Richard (17 November 2011). "The lost and found art of deception". Army.mil. Washington, DC.
- ^ Petraeus, David (26 March 2018). "'The Art of War': As relevant now as when it was written". The Irish Times. Dublin, Ireland.
- ^ Malin, Cameron H.; Gudaitis, Terry; Holt, Thomas J.; Kilger, Max (2017). Deception in the Digital Age. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. hlm. xix. ISBN 978-0-1241-1639-9 – via Google Books.
- ^ Krentz, Peter (2009). Van Wees, Hans, ed. War and Violence in Ancient Greece: Deception in Archaic and Classical Greek Warfare. Swansea, Wales: Classical Press of Wales. hlm. 169. ISBN 978-1-9105-8929-8 – via Google Books.
- ^ Sheldon, Rose Mary (2005). Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome. New York: Routledge. hlm. 129. ISBN 978-0-2030-0556-9 – via Google Books.
- ^ Titterton, James William (27 June 2019). Abstract: Trickery and Deception in Medieval Warfare, c. 1000 – c. 1330 (Tesis phd). Leeds, England: University of Leeds. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/24194/.
- ^ Greenspan, Stephen (2009). Annals of Gullibility. Westport, CT: Praeger. hlm. 51. ISBN 978-0-313-36216-3 – via Google Books.
- ^ Macknik, Stephen L.; Martinez-Conde, Susana (1 March 2017). "Deploying Deception on the Battlefield". Scientific American. London: Springer Nature America, Inc.
- ^ Ragucci, Jason (30 November 2015). "Good luck, Charlie". Army.mil. Washington, DC.
- ^ Combined Arms Center, hlm. iii.
- ^ Director Joint Force Development (26 January 2012). Joint Publication 3–13.4: Military Deception (PDF). Washington, DC: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. hlm. xiii.
- ^ Hamilton, David L. (1986). Deception in Soviet military doctrine and operations (PDF). Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School. hlm. 3.
Bibliografi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Bruce, Anthony (2002). The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War. London: John Murray Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7195-5432-2.
- Caddell, Joseph (December 2004). Deception 101 – Primer (PDF). Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College.
- Cave Brown, Anthony (1975). Bodyguard of Lies. New York, NY: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-0601-0551-8.
- Delmer, Sefton (1973). The Counterfeit Spy: The Untold Story of the Phantom Army That Deceived Hitler. Hutchinson & Co. ISBN 978-0-0910-9700-4.
- Dwyer, John B. (1992). Seaborne Deception: The History of U.S. Navy Beach Jumpers. New York: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-2759-3800-0 – via Google Books.
- Erickson, Edward J. (2007). John Gooch; Brian Holden Reid, ed. Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A Comparative Study. No. 26 of Cass series: military history and policy. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-96456-9.
- Falls, Cyril (1930). Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. 2 Part II. A. F. Becke (maps). London: HM Stationery Office. OCLC 256950972.
- Fisher, David (1983). The War Magician. New York, NY: Berkley Books (Coward-McCann). ISBN 978-0-6981-1140-0.
- Gawne, Jonathan (2007). Ghosts of the ETO: American Tactical Deception Units in the European Theater, 1944–1945. Havertown, Pennsylvania: Casemate Books. ISBN 978-1-9351-4992-7.
- Glantz, David (1989). Military Deception in the Second World War. Cass Series on Soviet Military Theory & Practice. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-714-63347-3.
- Gribkov, General Anatoli I.; Smith, General William Y. (1994). Operation Anadyr. Chicago: Edition Q. ISBN 9780867152661 – via Google Books.
- Hamilton, Patrick M. (1996). Riders of Destiny The 4th Australian Light Horse Field Ambulance 1917–18: An Autobiography and History. Gardenvale, Melbourne: Mostly Unsung Military History. ISBN 978-1-876179-01-4.
- Handel, Michael I. (2006). Masters of War: Classical Strategic Thought (edisi ke-3rd rev. and expanded). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-5091-3.
- Hansen, James H. (2002). "Soviet Deception in the Cuban Missile Crisis". Studies in Intelligence. 46 (1).
- Hesketh, Roger Fleetwood (2002). Fortitude: The D-Day Deception Campaign. The Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1-58567-075-8.
- Holt, Thaddeus (2004). The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-7432-5042-9.
- Howard, Michael (1995). Strategic Deception in the Second World War: British Intelligence Operations Against the German High Command. W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-31293-5.
- Lanning, Col. Michael Lee (1988). Inside the LRRPs: Rangers in Vietnam. New York: Presido Press. ISBN 978-0-8041-0166-0.
- Latimer, Jon (2001). Deception in War. New York: Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1-58567-381-0.
- Liddell Hart, Basil Henry (1954). Strategy, the Indirect Approach. Faber & Faber.
- Liddell Hart, Basil Henry (1972). History of the First World War. London: Pan Books. ISBN 978-0-330-23354-5.
- Lossing, Benson John (1869). The Pictorial Field-book of the War of 1812. New York: Harper & Brothers. hlm. 261–262. ISBN 978-1-4047-5113-2 – via Google Books.
Artikel ini memuat teks dari sumber tersebut, yang berada dalam ranah publik. - Maskelyne, Jasper (1949). Magic: Top Secret. London, United Kingdom: Stanley Paul and Co. Ltd.
- Mitchell, Elyne (1978). Light Horse The Story of Australia's Mounted Troops. Victor Ambrus (illustrator). Melbourne: Macmillan. OCLC 5288180.
- Montagu, Ewen (1978). Beyond Top Secret Ultra. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. ISBN 978-0-6981-0882-0.
- Montagu, Ewen (1954). The Man Who Never Was. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott Company – via Bill Thayer's Web Site.
- Murphey, Edward F. (2007). Semper Fi: Vietnam: From Da Nang to the DMZ, Marine Corps Campaigns, 1965–1975. New York: Presidio Press. ASIN B000XUBG6E.
- O'Dea, Brian (2006). High: Confessions of an International Drug Smuggler. New York, NY: Other Press. ISBN 978-1-5905-1310-1.
- Paget, G.C.H.V Marquess of Anglesey (1994). Egypt, Palestine and Syria 1914 to 1919. A History of the British Cavalry 1816–1919 Volume 5. London: Leo Cooper. ISBN 978-0-85052-395-9.
- Powles, C. Guy; Wilkie, A. (1922). The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine. Official History New Zealand's Effort in the Great War, Volume III. Auckland: Whitcombe & Tombs Ltd. OCLC 2959465.
- Rankin, Nicholas (1 October 2008). Churchill's Wizards: The British Genius for Deception, 1914–1945. Faber and Faber. hlm. 466. ISBN 978-0-571-22195-0.
- Rothstein, Hy; Whaley, Barton, ed. (2013). The Art and Science of Military Deception. Norwood, MA: Artech House. ISBN 978-1-6080-7551-5 – via Google Books.
- Smith, Charles L. (Spring 1988). "Soviet Maskirovka". Airpower Journal.
- Stroud, Rick (2012). The Phantom Army of Alamein: How the Camouflage Unit and Operation Bertram Hoodwinked Rommel. Bloomsbury.
- Titterton, James (2022). Deception in Medieval Warfare: Trickery and Cunning in the Central Middle Ages. Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-7832-7678-3.
- Whaley, Barton (2007). Stratagem: Deception and Surprise in War. Norwood, MA: Artech House. ISBN 978-1-5969-3198-5 – via Google Books.
- Whaley, Barton (2016). Practise to Deceive: Learning Curves of Military Deception Planners. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-6125-1983-8 – via Google Books.
- Whaley, Barton (2016). Turnabout and Deception: Crafting the Double-Cross and the Theory of Outs. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-6824-7029-9 – via Google Books.
- Wheatley, Dennis (1980). The Deception Planners. Hutchinson & Co. ISBN 978-0-0914-1830-4.
- Woodward, David R. (2006). Hell in the Holy Land World War I in the Middle East. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2383-7.
Pranala luar
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Media tentang Military deception di Wikimedia Commons- Sworn to Secrecy: Secrets of War; Season 1, Episode 9, Tools of Deception. New York: History Channel. 1998. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-12-21. Diakses tanggal 29 May 2021 – via YouTube.
- Sworn to Secrecy: Secrets of War; Season 4, Episode 2, Battlefield Deceptions. New York: History Channel. 2001. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-12-21. Diakses tanggal 29 May 2021 – via YouTube.
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