Bantuan
Dalam hubungan internasional, bantuan (juga disebut bantuan internasional atau bantuan luar negeri) adalah perpindahan sumber daya dari satu negara ke negara lain secara sukarela.
Bantuan memiliki beberapa tujuan, yaitu tanda persetujuan diplomatik, memperkuat sekutu militer, imbalan atas tindakan yang diambil negara penerima, memperluas pengaruh budaya negara donor, membangun infrastruktur yang diperlukan bagi negara donor untuk mengeksploitasi sumber daya dari negara penerima, atau mendapat akses perdagangan. Kemanusiaan dan kedermawanan juga merupakan salah satu alasan pemberian bantuan.[1]
Bantuan dapat diberikan oleh suatu pemerintah dari negara berdaulat kepada individu, organisasi swasta, atau pemerintah yang lain. Perpindahan sumber daya yang dapat digolongkan sebagai "bantuan" bervariasi dari negara ke negara. Misalnya, pemerintah Amerika Serikat menghapus bantuan militer dari laporan bantuan luar negerinya pada tahun 1958.[2] Jenis bantuan yang paling sering diberikan adalah bantuan pembangunan resmi (ODA; Official Development Assistance).
Cakupan
Sebagian besar bantuan pembangunan resmi (ODA) berasal dari 28 anggota Development Assistance Committee (DAC) dengan nilai $135 miliar pada tahun 2013. $15,9 miliar berasal dari Komisi Eropa, dan $9,4 miliar berasal dari negara-negara non-DAC. Meski jumlah bantuan pembangunan mencapai puncaknya pada tahun 2013, bantuan ke negara-negara Afrika sub-Sahara terus menurun.[3]
10 penerima bantuan terbesar (2012)
| Negara | 2012 |
|---|---|
 Afghanistan |
6,72 |
 Vietnam |
4,11 |
 Ethiopia |
3,26 |
 Turki |
3,03 |
 Republik Demokratik Kongo |
2,85 |
 Tanzania |
2,83 |
 Kenya |
2,65 |
 Côte d'Ivoire |
2,63 |
 Bangladesh |
2,15 |
 Mozambik |
2,09 |
10 negara donor terbesar (2013)
Bantuan pembangunan resmi (absolut) yang disumbangkan oleh 10 negara DAC terbesar dirincikan di bawah ini. Negara-negara Uni Eropa menyumbang $70,73 miliar, dan lembaga Uni Eropa menyumbang $15,93 miliar.[3][5]
Uni Eropa – $86,66 miliar
Amerika Serikat – $31,55 miliar
Britania Raya – $17,88 miliar
Jerman – $14,06 miliar
Jepang – $11,79 miliar
Prancis – $11,38 miliar
Swedia – $5,83 miliar
Norwegia – $5,58 miliar
Belanda – $5,44 miliar
Kanada – $4,91 miliar
Australia – $4,85 miliar
Bantuan pembangunan resmi dalam bentuk persentase pendapatan nasional bruto disumbangkan oleh 10 negara DAC terbesar. Lima negara di antaranya memenuhi target rasio ODA/GNI 0,7% yang ditetapkan PBB tahun 2013:[3]
- Norwegia – 1,07%
- Swedia – 1,02%
Luksemburg – 1,00%
Denmark – 0,85%- Britania Raya – 0,72%
- Belanda – 0,67%
Finlandia – 0,55%
Swiss – 0,47%
Belgia – 0,45%
Irlandia – 0,45%
Negara-negara Uni Eropa yang juga merupakan anggota Development Assistance Committee memberikan 0,42% GNI-nya (tidak termasuk $15,93 miliar dari lembaga Uni Eropa).[3]
Lihat pula
Negara:
- Australian Agency for International Development
- Bantuan luar negeri Cina
- Department for International Development (Britania Raya)
- Kebijakan kerja sama ekonomi internasional Jepang
- Bantuan luar negeri Arab Saudi
- Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
- Bantuan luar negeri Amerika Serikat
Referensi
- ^ Lancaster, pp. 4–5.
- ^ Lancaster, p. 67: "In 1957 the administration (with congressional support) separated economic from military assistance and created a Development Loan Fund (DLF) to provide concessional credits to developing countries world-wide (i.e. not, as in the past, just those in areas of potential conflict with Moscow) to promote their long-term growth.
- ^ a b c d "Aid to developing countries rebounds in 2013 to reach an all-time high". OECD. 8 April 2014. Diakses tanggal 18 October 2014.
- ^ http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.ODA.ALLD.CD
- ^ "Development and cooperation". European Union. Diakses tanggal 29 March 2015.
- Håkan Malmqvist (2000), Development Aid, Humanitarian Assistance and Emergency Relief Diarsipkan 2009-11-25 di Wayback Machine., Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Sweden.
- Andrew Rogerson with Adrian Hewitt and David Waldenberg (2004), The International Aid System 2005–2010 Forces For and Against Change Diarsipkan 2008-06-25 di Wayback Machine., ODI Working Paper 235.
- Easterly, William (2006). The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Effort to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good. Penguin. ISBN 1-59420-037-8.
- Anup Shah, US and Foreign Aid Assistance, GlobalIssues.org, Last updated: Sunday, April 27, 2008.
- Millions Saved Diarsipkan 2008-10-11 di Wayback Machine. A compilation of case studies of successful foreign assistance by the Center for Global Development.
- ActionAid, May 2005, "Real Aid" Diarsipkan 2005-06-01 di Wayback Machine. – analysis of the proportion of aid wasted on consultants, tied aid, etc.
- Mousseau, Frederic; Mittal, Anuradha. "Food Sovereignty: Ending World Hunger in Our Time". The Humanist. 2006: 35–40.
- Lancaster, Carol; Ann Van Dusen (2005). Organizing Foreign Aid: Confronting the Challenges of the 21st Century. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0-8157-5113-3.
- Ali, Abdiweli M.; Said Isse, Hodan (2007). "Foreign Aid and Free Trade and their Effect on Income: A Panel Analysis". The Journal of Developing Areas. 41 (1): 127–142. doi:10.1353/jda.2008.0016.
Bacaan lanjutan
- Foreman, Jonathan (2013). Aiding and Abetting: Foreign Aid Failures and the 0.7% Deception. Civitas. ISBN 978-1906837440.
- Moyo, Dambisa (2010). Dead Aid: Why Aid is Not Working and How There is Another Way for Africa. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-103118-7.
- Riddell, Roger C. (2008). Does Foreign Aid Work?. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954446-2.
- Banerjee, Abhijit Vinayak (2007). Making Aid Work. The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-02615-4.
- Calderisi, Robert (2006). The Trouble with Africa: Why Foreign Aid Isn't Working. Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-7125-0.
- Easterly, William (2006). The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Effort to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good. Penguin. ISBN 1-59420-037-8.
- Lal, Deepak (2008). "Foreign Aid". Dalam David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (edisi ke-2nd). Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0865976658. OCLC 237794267.
- Oxfam America (2008). Smart Development: Why US foreign aid demands major reform. Oxfam America, Inc. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-05-12. Diakses tanggal 2016-05-14.
- Sogge, David (2002). Give and Take: What's the Matter with Foreign Aid?. Zed Books. ISBN 1-84277-069-1.
- The cartel of good intentions, Foreign Policy, Washington, Jul/Aug 2002, Authors: William Easterly, Issue: 131, Pagination: 40–49, ISSN 0015-7228
- Development Assistance Committee, Glossary, OECD, Paris.
Pranala luar
- Foreign Relations and International Aid Diarsipkan 2016-03-03 di Wayback Machine. resources from University of Colorado–Boulder
- International Aid and Development di Curlie (dari DMOZ)
- AidData – a web portal for information on development aid, including a database of aid activities financed by donors worldwide
- EuropeAid Cooperation Office
- OECD Development Co-operation Directorate (DAC)
- Overseas Development Institute Diarsipkan 2008-12-06 di Wayback Machine.
- Aid Reform Campaign Diarsipkan 2021-03-23 di Wayback Machine. at Oxfam America
- Does Foreign Aid Work? Efforts to Evaluate U.S. Foreign Assistance[pranala nonaktif permanen] Congressional Research Service
- Foreign Aid at Brookings Institution
- Center for Global Development's Modernizing U.S. Foreign Assistance Initiative
- Aid Workers Network
- www.realityofaid.org
- Aid Harmonization: What Will It Take to Meet the Millennium Development Goals? Diarsipkan 2010-05-23 di Wayback Machine.
- Aid at GlobalIssues.org
- Euforic makes information on Europe's development cooperation more accessible
- The Development Executive Group Resource for staffing, tracking, winning, and implementing development projects.
- European Network on Debt and Development reports, news and links on development aid.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- How Food Aid Work.
- Aid Guide Diarsipkan 2013-02-11 di Wayback Machine. at OneWorld.net
- NL-Aid Diarsipkan 2022-07-07 di Wayback Machine.
- Advance Integral Development
- Foreign Aid Projects 1955–2010 Diarsipkan 2011-11-02 di Wayback Machine.
- International Aid at Islamic Help
