Yaren Yeyi

Yeyi (autoethnonym Shiyɛyi ) yaren Bantu ne da yawancin mutanen Yeyi kusan 50,000 ke magana a bakin kogin Okavango a Namibiya da Botswana . Yeyi, wanda harsunan Juu suka rinjayi, yana ɗaya daga cikin harsunan Bantu da yawa tare da Okavango tare da dannawa. Lallai, tana da mafi girman sanannun ƙira na dannawa na kowane yaren Bantu, tare da haƙori, alveolar, palatal, da na gefe. Kodayake yawancin tsofaffin masu magana da shi sun fi son Yeyi a cikin tattaunawa ta yau da kullun, sannu a hankali ana kawar da shi a Botswana ta hanyar shaharar tafiya zuwa Tswana, tare da Yeyi kawai yara ke koya a wasu ƙauyuka. Masu magana da Yeyi a yankin Caprivi na arewa maso gabashin Namibiya, duk da haka, suna riƙe Yeyi a ƙauyuka (ciki har da Linyanti), amma kuma suna iya magana da yaren yanki, Lozi .

Babban yare ana kiransa Shirwanga. Kadan akasarin Botswana Yeyi masu yare guda ɗaya ne a cikin yaren ƙasa, Tswana, kuma yawancin sauran masu harsuna biyu ne.

Yeyi ya bayyana mabanbanta zuriyar Bantu ne. Yawancin lokaci ana rarraba shi azaman memba na harsunan R Zone Bantu. Harshen Ju ya sami tasiri ta hanyar sauti ta hanyar sauti, kodayake baya cikin hulɗa da su.

Tsawon wasali kuma ya bambanta.

• Sautin wasali /ɛ ɔ/</link> ana lura da su ta hanyar sauti [ɛ̝ ɔ̝]</link> .
• /ɔ/ Hakanan ana iya ji kamar [ʊ] a matsayin kalma-ƙarshe. /i/ ana kuma iya ji kamar [ə] a prefixes.
• Sauti /i u a/</link> za a iya ji kamar yadda nasalized [ĩ ũ ã]</link> lokacin da ake gaba da baƙar hanci. A hanci [ɛ̝̃]</link> kuma za a iya ji, amma kawai a cikin kara-ciki matsayi.
• Sauti /i u/</link> ana iya kasancewa a tsakiya kamar [ɨ ʉ]</link> biye da sauti mai ban tsoro da sibilant.

Sauran sautin baƙon da ke iya faruwa shine /bʲ ⁿdʲ lʲ/</link> .

• Sautin dakatarwa [ʔ]</link> Hakanan zai iya faruwa, amma tsakanin wasulan kawai.
• Palatalized-velar stop consonants /kʲ kʰʲ kʲʼ ɡʲ/</link> ana iya sau da yawa ana jin su azaman baƙon tasha na palatal [c cʰ cʼ ɟ]</link> .
• Kusan sautin labial /β̞/</link> zai iya kewayo daga kusan sauti zuwa sauti mai banƙyama [β̞ ~ β]</link> .
• Harshen rhotic na alveolar /r/</link> ana iya jin ta a matsayin famfo ko trill, amma kuma ana iya jin ta azaman retroflex tap [ɽ]</link> .
• Baƙi na gefen alveolar /l/ Hakanan za'a iya jin shi azaman retroflex a gefe [ɭ] . [4]

• Prenasal palatalized-velar stop consonants /ᵑkʲ ᵑɡʲ/</link> ana iya sau da yawa a ji azaman prenasal palatal stop consonants [ᶮc ᶮɟ]</link> .

Sautunan gefe ba safai suke faruwa ba.

Yeyi na iya samun nau'ikan dannawa har huɗu, hakori ǀ</link> , alveolar ǃ</link> , palatal ǂ</link> , da kuma ǁ gefe</link> . Koyaya, ainihin adadin dannawa ana jayayya, yayin da masu bincike suka yi sabani game da yawan jerin layi da kuma yin lamuni da harshen ya bambanta.

Sommer & Voßen (1992) sun jera ɗabi'u masu zuwa, waɗanda aka nuna azaman jerin gwano:

Jerin fitar da uvular ba ta da tabbas saboda rashin yawa.

Fulop et al. (2002) yayi nazarin danna madaidaicin samfurin ƙamus tare da masu magana da Yeyi guda 13 waɗanda ba daga ainihin yankin magana ba. Jerin da suka samo sune:

Hakanan akwai dannawa da aka riga aka shigar da su kamar /ŋᶢǂ/</link> da /ᵑǂˀ/</link> amma Fulop et al. bincika waɗannan a matsayin gungu na baƙar fata, ba sau ɗaya ba. Bugu da kari, danna alamar da aka ruwaito ta bayyana a zahiri tana da tushe, tare da bambancin buri, don haka an haɗa shi ƙarƙashin ᵏǂʰ</link> . Akwai irin wannan haɗin gwiwa tare da latsawa mai fitar da haƙori tsakanin wasu masu magana. Matsakan da aka fitar ba a fili ba ne. ^[2]

Miller (2011), a cikin kwatancen binciken da wasu harsuna, ya fassara sakamakon su kamar haka, ^[3]

Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin maɗaurin hanci da glottalized ƙwanƙwasawa ba sabon abu bane, amma kuma yana faruwa a cikin Gǀwi .

Abin baƙin ciki shine, masu magana da aka yi hira da su ba daga ainihin yankin yaren Yeyi ba ne, kuma sau da yawa sukan yi sabani kan waɗanne dannawa za su yi amfani da su. Ko da yake an danna haƙoran haƙora shida ( ǀ</link> da dai sauransu ) sun kusan gama duniya, danna maɗaukakin gefe ɗaya ne kawai (laɓan murya ᶢǁ</link> ). Alveolar yana dannawa ( ǃ</link> da dai sauransu ) sun kasance na duniya ban da ejective, wanda kawai aka tabbatar daga mai magana ɗaya kawai, amma biyu daga cikin dannawa na palatal kawai rabin masu magana ne kawai suka yi amfani da su, aƙalla a cikin samfurin ƙamus. An maye gurbin latsawa na palatal da na gefe da alveolar ko wani lokacin danna haƙori (palatals kawai), kuma an maye gurbin alveolar da ya ɓace tare da alveolar mai haske. Duk waɗannan alamu sun dace da nazarin latsa hasara, ko da yake yana yiwuwa waɗannan masu magana suna kula da waɗannan dannawa a wasu kalmomi. An tabbatar da 23 daga cikin 24 da za a iya jujjuyawa a cikin samfurin ƙamus ta aƙalla mai magana ɗaya, ban da kasancewar dannawa ta gefe *ǁʼ</link> . Ana buƙatar sake maimaita wannan binciken a cikin yankin da har yanzu harshen yake da ƙarfi.

Seidel (2008) ya ce Yeyi yana da nau'ikan dannawa uku, hakori ǀ</link> , alveolar ǃ</link> , kuma, a cikin kalmomi biyu kawai, a gefe ǁ</link> . Akwai nau'i na asali guda uku, tenuis, apirated, da murya, kowanne daga cikinsu yana iya zama prenasalized:

Cibiyar Harsuna Masu Rayayyun Harsuna ne suka samar da ƙamus ɗin Yeyi Talking .

• Yeyi Clicks: Acoustic Description and Analysis (2003)