Harshan Yimas

Yaren Yimas, mutanen Yimas ke magana da harshen, waɗanda ke zaune a yankin Kogin Sepik na Papua New Guinea. Ana magana farko a ƙauyen Yimas (4°40′50′′S 143°32′56′′E / 4.680562°S 143.548847°E / -4.680562; 143.5 48847 (Yimas 1)), Karawari Rural LLG, Lardin Sepik na Gabas. daga cikin dangin yaren Lower-Sepik . [1]^[2]:^:1 Dukkanin masu magana da Yimas 250-300 suna zaune a ƙauyuka biyu a gefen ƙananan Kogin Arafundi, wanda ya samo asali ne daga wani kogi na Kogin Sepik da aka sani da Kogin Karawari . [2]^:7

Yimas yare ne na polysynthetic tare da (wani) tsari na kalma kyauta, kuma harshe ne na Ergative-absolutive morphologically amma ba syntactically ba, kodayake yana da wasu alaƙa masu kama da shari'a da yawa da aka tsara akan kalmominsa. Yana da manyan nau'o'i goma (maza), da kuma tsarin lambobi na musamman. Hudu daga cikin nau'ikan sunaye an ƙaddara su (mutane maza, mata, dabbobi mafi girma, shuke-shuke da kayan shuke-huke) yayin da sauran an sanya su a kan tushen sauti. ^:119

Yimas yana da jimlar phonemes 18. Da ke ƙasa akwai wasula da kayan aiki, waɗanda aka wakilta ta amfani da alamomin International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).Harshen yana cikin haɗari, ana maye gurbinsa da Tok Pisin, kuma zuwa ƙarami, Turanci. Ba a san ko akwai yara masu magana da yaren Yimas ba. Koyaya, an taɓa amfani da Yimas pidgin azaman yaren hulɗa tare da masu magana da Alamblak da Arafundi.  ^{[ana buƙatar hujja]} da yake har yanzu ana amfani da shi a tattaunawar fuska da fuska, ana ɗaukarsa yaren da ke fuskantar barazana a kan sikelin haɗarin Ethnologue, tare da darajar 6b.^:4–5

Abubuwan da ke tattare da Yimas suna da kyau ga harsunan Papua New Guinea. Kamar harsuna da yawa na yankin, Yimas ba shi da alamun fricative, kodayake fricatives wani lokacin suna bayyana a cikin furci a matsayin bambance-bambance na plosives. Tebur mai zuwa ya ƙunshi sautunan 12 na harshe: :^:38

Matsayin sauti na ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden /c/, /ɲ/ da /ʎ/ ba a bayyane yake ba. Gabaɗaya bayyanarsu ana iya hango su; suna tasowa da farko ta hanyar palatalization na alveolar consonants /t/, /n/, da /r/. Koyaya, akwai 'yan kalmomi waɗanda dole ne a ɗauki waɗannan ƙayyadaddun a matsayin ƙayyadadden palatal. Misalan sun hada da akulɨm 'wrist', ɨɲcɨt 'urine', da sauran kalmomi, kodayake waɗannan a tarihi sun koma ga alveolar consonants, kamar yadda za'a iya gani a cikin cognates a Karawari (awkurim 'urine' da sɨndi 'urine'). ^:38

Hanci da ke kusa da su yawanci homorganic ne. N.P. haɗuwa kamar mt, mk, np, ŋt, da dai sauransu, suna da wuya ko ba a tabbatar da su ba; misali shine pamki 'ƙafafu'. Haka kuma gaskiya ne lokacin da plosives suka bayyana a gaban hanci a ƙarshen kalmomi ko syllabs. A wannan yanayin, hanci yana da syllabic, misali watn [ˈwatn̩] (nau'in itace mai wuya). ^:39

Ana yawan yin magana bayan hanci, tare da /p/ ya zama ana yin magana a gaban u. A farkon kalma da kuma kafin wasula da aka jaddada, suna da burin kuma ba su da murya. Misali: ɲct [ˈ��ɲɟɪt] 'urine', pamki [ˈpʰamgi] 'ƙafafu', tkay [tʰəˈkʰaɪ̯] 'hanci', kput [khãˈbut] 'ruwa'. /p/ da /w/ sun raunana zuwa fricative mara murya: ipwa [iˈβa]. Lokacin da /k/ ya bayyana a gaban wasula biyu, idan wasula ta biyu ba a matsawa ba, to ana gane /k/ a matsayin murya mai rikitarwa: amanakn [ʌmʌˈ parlaɨn] 'na'. Intervocally /c/ yana da allophony na shekaru, tare da tsofaffi masu magana da suka fi son dakatar da kuma matasa masu saurin hakora, kamar yadda yake a acak [ˈasʌk] 'don aikawa'. wani sashi, /c/ koyaushe ana gane shi azaman tsayawar baki.^:39

/ʎ/ yana cikin bambancin kyauta tsakanin [ʎ] da [lʲ]. r ya bambanta da furtawa tsakanin [l] da [ɾ].^:40

1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshan Yimas". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Foley2