Canjin yanayi a Ostiraliya

Samfuri:Climate change sidebar Canjin yanayi a Ostiraliya ya kasance muhimmiyar matsala tun farkon karni na 21. Ostiraliya tana ƙara zafi kuma tana fuskantar matsanancin zafi, gobarar daji, fari, ambaliyar ruwa, da lokutan wuta masu tsawo saboda canjin yanayi. Batutuwan yanayi sun haɗa da gobarar daji, raƙuman zafi, guguwa, hauhawar matakin teku, da rushewa.^[1][2]

Tun farkon karni na 20, Ostiraliya ta sami karuwar sama da 1.4 ° C a matsakaicin yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara, tare da dumama da ke faruwa sau biyu a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata, idan aka kwatanta da shekaru 50 da dama da suka gabata. Abubuwan da suka faru a baya-bayan nan kamar yanayin zafi mai yawa da fari mai yawa sun mayar da hankali ga gwamnati da jama'a kan tasirin canjin yanayi a Ostiraliya. Ruwan sama a kudu maso yammacin Ostiraliya ya ragu da kashi 10-20% tun daga shekarun 1970s, yayin da kudu maso gabashin Ostiraliya ta sami raguwa mai matsakaici tun daga shekarun 1990. Ana sa ran ruwan sama zai zama mai nauyi kuma ba sau da yawa, da kuma ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin rani maimakon a cikin hunturu. Ana sa ran matsakaicin yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara na Ostiraliya zai karu da 0.4-2.0 ° C sama da matakan 1990 ta shekara ta 2030, da kuma 1-6 ° C ta 2070. Matsakaicin ruwan sama a kudu maso yamma da kudu maso gabashin Ostiraliya ana sa ran raguwa a wannan lokacin, yayin da yankuna kamar arewa maso yamma na iya fuskantar karuwar ruwan sama.

Canjin yanayi yana shafar yanayin nahiyar da yanayin halittu. Ostiraliya tana da rauni ga tasirin dumamar yanayi na duniya da aka tsara don shekaru 50 zuwa 100 masu zuwa saboda yankunan da ba su da ruwa da kuma yankunan da ke da zafi, da kuma yanayin zafi, yawan ruwan sama na shekara-shekara. Babban haɗarin wuta na nahiyar yana ƙara wannan saukin kamuwa da canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki da yanayi. A halin yanzu, bakin tekun Australia za su fuskanci rushewa da ambaliyar ruwa daga kimanin karuwar 8-88 cm a matakin teku na duniya. Tsarin halittu na musamman na Ostiraliya kamar Great Barrier Reef da nau'ikan dabbobi da yawa suma suna cikin haɗari.

Canjin yanayi kuma yana da tasiri daban-daban ga tattalin arzikin Ostiraliya, noma da lafiyar jama'a. Tasirin da aka tsara sun haɗa da ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani, fari, da guguwa. Bugu da ƙari, yawan mutanen Ostiraliya sun fi mayar da hankali sosai a yankunan bakin teku da ke cikin haɗari daga hauhawar matakin teku, kuma matsin lamba na yanzu akan samar da ruwa zai kara tsanantawa. Bayyanawar 'yan asalin Australiya ga tasirin canjin yanayi ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar rashin fa'idodin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da ke akwai waɗanda ke da alaƙa da mulkin mallaka da kuma bayan mulkin mallaka. Al'ummomin da sauye-sauyen yanayi suka fi shafa sune a Arewa inda Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander suka kai kashi 30% na yawan jama'a.^[3] Al'ummomin Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander da ke arewacin bakin teku sune mafi talauci saboda matsalolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da dogaro da ƙasar gargajiya don abinci, al'adu, da kiwon lafiya. Wannan ya tayar da tambaya ga yawancin membobin al'umma a waɗannan yankuna, "Ya kamata mu zauna ko mu ƙaura?"^[3]

Ostiraliya kuma tana ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi, tare da fitar da iskar gas ga kowane mutum sama da matsakaicin duniya. Kasar ta dogara sosai da kwal da sauran burbushin burbushin halittu, kodayake samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa yana ƙaruwa. Kokarin rage yawan jama'a ya haɗa da sadaukarwa don cimma matsakaicin fitarwa ta hanyar 2050 a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Paris, kodayake Ostiraliya ta kasance cikin matsayi mara kyau a cikin Cibiyar Canjin Yanayi da sauran matsayi na duniya don burinta na yanayi da aiwatarwa. Ana iya yin daidaitawa a matakin ƙasa da na gida kuma an gano shi a matsayin fifiko ga Ostiraliya a cikin Garnaut Review na 2007.

Canjin yanayi ya kasance batun rarrabuwa ko siyasa a cikin siyasar Australiya tun daga shekarun 2000, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga gwamnatoci masu zuwa da ke aiwatar da kuma soke manufofin canjin yanayi, kamar farashin carbon. Wasu kafofin watsa labarai na Australiya sun inganta bayanan da ba daidai ba na yanayi. Batun ya haifar da zanga-zangar don tallafawa manufofin canjin yanayi, gami da wasu manyan zanga-zaye a tarihin Australia.  

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Rubuce-rubucen kayan aiki na Ostiraliya daga 1885 zuwa yanzu yana nuna hoto mai zurfi mai zuwa:

Yanayi daga 1885 zuwa 1898 gabaɗaya suna da ruwa sosai, kodayake ƙasa da haka fiye da lokacin tun 1968. Shekaru kawai da aka sani da bushewa a wannan zamanin sune 1888 da 1897. Kodayake wasu mahimman bayanai na murjani sun nuna cewa 1887 da 1890 sun kasance, tare da 1974, shekarun da suka fi ruwan sama a fadin nahiyar tun lokacin da aka zauna, bayanan ruwan sama na Alice Springs, sannan babbar tashar da ke rufe ciki na Yankin Arewa da Yammacin Ostiraliya, sun nuna cewa 1867 da 1890 gabaɗaya ba su da ruwan sama kamar 1974 ko ma 2000.^[4] A New South Wales da Queensland, duk da haka, shekarun 1886-1887 da 1889-1894 sun kasance da ruwa sosai. Ruwan sama mai yawa a wannan lokacin an haɗa shi da babban fadada yawan tumaki kuma Fabrairu 1893 ya ga ambaliyar Brisbane ta 1893.^[5]

An bushe yanayin daga 1899 zuwa 1921, kodayake tare da wasu katsewa daga shekaru masu laushi na El Niño, musamman tsakanin 1915 da farkon 1918 da kuma a cikin 1920-1921, lokacin da belin alkama na kudancin ciki ya bushe ta ruwan sama mafi tsanani a cikin rikodin. Abubuwa biyu masu muhimmanci na El Niño a cikin 1902 da 1905 sun samar da shekaru biyu mafi bushewa a duk nahiyar, yayin da 1919 ya bushe a gabashin jihohi ban da Gippsland.

Lokacin daga 1922 zuwa 1938 ya bushe sosai, tare da kawai 1930 yana da ruwan sama na Australia sama da matsakaicin matsakaicin lokaci da matsakaitan ruwan sama na Ostiraliya na waɗannan shekaru goma sha bakwai yana da kashi 15 zuwa 20 cikin dari a ƙasa da wannan don wasu lokuta tun 1885. Wannan lokacin bushewa an danganta shi a wasu tushe ga raunanawar Kudancin Oscillation kuma a wasu don rage yanayin zafi na teku.^[6] Yanayin zafi a cikin waɗannan lokutan uku sun fi sanyi fiye da yadda suke a halin yanzu, tare da 1925 suna da mafi ƙarancin sanyi na kowace shekara tun 1910. Koyaya, shekarun bushewa na shekarun 1920 da 1930 sun kasance sau da yawa masu dumi, tare da 1928 da 1938 suna da manyan matsayi.

Lokacin daga 1939 zuwa 1967 ya fara ne tare da karuwar ruwan sama: 1939, 1941 da 1942 sune rukuni na farko na kusa da juna na shekaru masu laushi tun 1921. Daga 1943 zuwa 1946, yanayin bushewa gabaɗaya ya dawo, kuma shekaru ashirin daga 1947 sun ga ruwan sama mai canzawa. 1950, 1955 da 1956 sun kasance da ruwa sosai ban da 1950 da 1956 a kan yankunan busasshiyar alkama na Yammacin Australia. 1950 sun ga ruwan kasa mai ban mamaki a tsakiyar New South Wales da mafi yawan Queensland: Dubbo na 1950 na 1,329 mm (52.3 in) ana iya kimantawa yana da lokacin dawowa tsakanin shekaru 350 da 400, yayin da Tafkin Eyre ya cika a karo na farko shekaru talatin. Sabanin haka, 1951, 1961 da 1965 sun bushe sosai, tare da cikakkiyar gazawar ruwan sama a 1951/1952 da matsanancin fari a cikin ciki a lokacin 1961 da 1965. Yanayin zafi a wannan lokacin da farko ya fadi zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci na ƙarni na 20, tare da 1949 da 1956 suna da sanyi sosai, amma sai suka fara haɓaka wanda ya ci gaba da raguwa kaɗan zuwa yanzu.

Tun daga shekara ta 1968, ruwan sama na Ostiraliya ya kasance kashi 15 cikin dari fiye da tsakanin 1885 da 1967. Lokacin da ya fi ruwan sama ya kasance daga 1973 zuwa 1975 da 1998 zuwa 2001, wanda ya ƙunshi bakwai daga cikin shekaru goma sha uku mafi ruwan sama a nahiyar tun 1885. Mafi karancin yanayin zafi na dare, musamman a cikin hunturu, ya kasance mafi girma fiye da kafin shekarun 1960, tare da 1973, 1980, 1988, 1991, 1998 da 2005 masu ban mamaki a wannan bangaren. An sami raguwar raguwa a cikin yawan sanyi a duk faɗin Ostiraliya.^[7]

A cewar Ofishin Meteorology, matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara na Ostiraliya na shekara ta 2009 ya kasance 0.9 ° C sama da matsakaicin 1961-90, yana mai da shi shekara ta biyu mafi zafi a kasar tun lokacin da aka fara rikodin inganci a 1910.

Dangane da Bayanan Yanayi na Australiya na 2011 na Ofishin Yanayi, Ostiraliya tana da ƙasa da matsakaicin yanayin zafi a cikin 2011 sakamakon yanayin yanayi na La Niña; duk da haka, "ƙasar ta shekaru 10 tana ci gaba da nuna yanayin hauhawar yanayin zafi, tare da 2002-2011 mai yiwuwa ya kasance a cikin manyan lokutan shekaru 10 mafi zafi a rikodin Ostiraliya, a 0.52 ° C (0.94 ° F) sama da matsakacin dogon lokaci". Bugu da ƙari, shekara ta 2014 ita ce shekara ta uku mafi zafi a Ostiraliya tun lokacin da aka fara lura da zafin jiki na kasa a 1910.

1. ↑ Empty citation (help)
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3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1} Empty citation (help)
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5. ↑ Foley, J.C.; Droughts in Australia: review of records from earliest years of settlement to 1955; published 1957 by Australian Bureau of Meteorology
6. ↑ Soils and landscapes near Narrabri and Edgeroi, NSW, with data analysis using fuzzy k-means Archived 2021-08-13 at the Wayback Machine
7. ↑ Fewer frosts. Bureau of Meteorology.