Arbëresh

Arbëresh
Cineál	canúint, teanga bheo agus teanga nádúrtha
Canúint na	an Albáinis
Úsáid
Cainteoirí dúchais	100,000
Dúchasach do	Molise, Cúige Campobasso, Cúige Catanzaro, Cúige Palermo, Reggio Calabria, Puglia, Campania, an tSicil, Calabria agus Basilicata
Stáit	an Iodáil
Aicmiú teangeolaíoch
	teanga dhaonna; teangacha Ind-Eorpacha; Albanian (en) ; an Albáinis
Tréithe
Córas scríbhneoireachta	aibítir Laidineach
Cóid
ISO 639-3	aae
Glottolog	arbe1236
Ethnologue	aae
UNESCO	1347
IETF	aae
Endangered languages	962

Cineál Albáinise a labhraíonn an pobal Arbëreshë san Iodáil is ea Arbëresh (nó Arbërisht). Thug inimircigh ón Albáin an teanga chun na hIodáile ón 15ú haois amach agus í roinnte anois ina gcanúintí difriúla. D’eascair sí ón Albáinis Thoscach in iardheisceart na mBalcán agus tá rian na hIodáilise uirthi anois.^[1]^[2]

Tá idir Arbëresh agus Iodáilis ag an bpobal Arbëreshë.^[3] Cosnaíonn dlí na hIodáile teanga agus cultúr na nAlbánach san Iodáil, ^[4] ach is í an Albáinis Chaighdeánach a mhúintear ar scoil agus ar na hollscoileanna, rud a d’fhéadfadh Arbëresh a lagú, amhail éagsúlacht na gcanúintí; tá cuid acu siúd chomh difriúil le chéile go n-úsáideann daoine Iodáilis nó Albáinis Chaighdeánach chun a bheith ag caint le chéile. Chomh maith leis sin, is annamh a scríobhtar Arbëresh.^[3]^[5]^[6]

Stair

Sna meánaoiseanna thug muintir na hAlbáine Arbëri nó Arbëni ar a dtír agus thug siad Arbëreshë nó Arbëneshë orthu féin.^[7]^[8] Sa 16ú haois tháinig an logainm tíre Shqipëria agus an t-ainm muintire Shqiptarë isteach ann, ach d’fhan an tseantéarmaíocht beo san Iodáil, sa Chróit agus sa Ghréig.

Nuair a rinne na hOtamánaigh ionradh ar na Balcáin sa 15ú haois, d’éalaigh mórán Albánach ón nGréig chun deisceart na hIodáile. In 1448 d’iarr Rí Napoli, Alfonso V na hAragóine, cúnamh ar Skanderbeg chun ceannairc a chur faoi chois in Napoli. Tháinig na saighdiúirí agus chuir siad fúthu i sráidbhailte in Calabria agus sa tSicil.^[9] In 1461 d’iarr Ferdinand, mac Alfonso, cúnamh arís ar Skanderbeg, agus lonnaigh a shaighdiúirí siúd i sráidbhailte in Apulia.^[9]

Tar éis bhás Skanderbeg in 1468 bhí aghaidh ag Albánaigh ar an Iodáil fós, agus ar feadh an 16ú haois déag bhí sráidbhailte nua á mbunú acu ann.^[9] Is minic a bhí na fir ag troid mar shaighdiúirí thuarastail in airm Iodálacha.

Deir scoláirí áirithe nárbh é na nOtamánach ba mhó a chuir na hAlbánaigh ag tarraingt ar an Iodáil, agus go raibh siad ag teacht roimh aimsir Skanderbeg.^[10] Tháinig slua eile idir 1500 agus 1534 ón bPeilipinéis agus iad ag éalú ó na hOtamánaigh, agus bhí na fir ina saighdiúirí ag Ríocht Napoli agus ag Poblacht na Veinéise anuas go dtí aimsir Napoléon.

Rangú

Tá lorg na hAlbáinise Meánaoisí fós ar Arbëresh, agus d’fhág an Ghréigis a rian ar an teanga chomh maith, go háirithe san fhoclóir agus san fhuaimniú, rud a tharla chomh maith in Arvanitika (Albáinis na Gréige). Cailleadh cuid mhaith d’airíonna coimeádacha na teanga Arbëresh san Albáinis Chaighdeánach. Mar shampla, choinnigh sí roinnt braislí consan le tús-siollaí a rinneadh simpliu orthu san Albáinis Thoscach nua-aimseartha (cf. Arbëresh gluhë /ˈɡluxə/ ('language/tongue'), in aghaidh Albáinis Chaighdeánach gjuhë /ˈɟuhə/).

Anuas go dtí na 1990idí ní raibh in Arbëresh ach teanga labhartha den chuid is mó, c�� go raibh foirm scríofa den teanga á húsáid ag an Eaglais Bhiosántach Iodálach-Albánach. Ní raibh eolas praiticiúil ag an bpobal Arbëreshë ar an Albáinis Chaighdeánach.^[6] Tá daoine ag iarraidh ó na 1980idí amach an teanga agus an cultúr a chothabháil, agus chuir scoláirí ábhar foghlama ar fáil.

Nótaí

Tagairtí

Babiniotis, Georgios (1985): Συνοπτική Ιστορία της ελληνικής γλώσσας με εισαγωγή στην ιστορικοσυγκριτική γλωσσολογία. [Stair ghearr na Gréigise, le buntreoir do theangeolaíocht stairiuil agus comparáideach] Athens: Ellinika Grammata.
Babiniotis, Georgios (1998), Λεξικό της Νέας Ελληνικής Γλώσσας [Focloir na Nua-Ghreigise]. Athens: Kentro Lexikologias.
Breu, Walter (1990): "Sprachliche Minderheiten in Italien und Griechenland." ["Mionphobail teageolaíocha san Iodáil agus sa Ghréig"]. In: B. Spillner (ed.), Interkulturelle Kommunikation. Frankfurt: Lang. 169-170.
GHM (=Greek Helsinki Monitor) (1995): "Report: The Arvanites". Online report Curtha i gcartlann 2016-10-03 ar an Wayback Machine
Hammarström, Harald (2005): Review of Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th Edition. LINGUIST List 16.2637 (5 Sept 2005). Online article Curtha i gcartlann 2008-05-16 ar an Wayback Machine Vol. II. Livadia: Exandas, 1999 PDF Curtha i gcartlann 2009-03-05 ar an Wayback Machine.
Η Καινή Διαθήκη στα Αρβανίτικα: Διάτα ε Ρε [An Tiomna Nua in Arvanitika]. Athens: Ekdoseis Gerou. No date.
Kloss, Heinz (1967): "Abstand-languages and Ausbau-languages". Anthropological linguistics 9.
"Perspectives on Public Policy in Societal-Environmental Crises: What the Future Needs from History" (2022). Springer.
"The Intricacy of Languages" (2019) 20: 227–241. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Matranga, Vito (2018). "Lo spazio comunicativo dell'Italia e delle varietà italiane. Korpus im Text" 7.
Salminen, Tapani (1993–1999): Unesco Red Book on Endangered Languages: Europe. [2].
Strauss, Dietrich (1978): "Scots is not alone: Further comparative considerations". Actes du 2^e Colloque de langue et de littérature écossaises Strasbourg 1978. 80-97.
Thomason, Sarah G. (2001): Language contact: An introduction. Washington: Georgetown University Press. Online chapter
Trudgill, Peter (2004): "Glocalisation [sic] and the Ausbau sociolinguistics of modern Europe". In: A. Duszak, U. Okulska (eds.), Speaking from the margin: Global English from a European perspective. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. Online article

↑ Matranga & Milano 2019, p. 228: "1. Arbëresh is the name used to indicate the linguistic varieties spoken by descendants of groups of Albanian immigrants in southern Italy from the middle of the fifteenth century. The Albanian varieties are divided into Gheghe varieties, spoken (by the Shqiptarë) in the northern part of the albanophone territory, in Kosovo and in Macedonia, and Tosche varieties, spoken in the southern part of Albania (by the Shqiptarë), in some areas of Greece (by the Arvaniti) and in Southern Italy (by the Arbëreshë)."
↑ Matranga 2018, p. 14: È ormai ampiamente condivisa l’opinione che le varietà italo-albanesi appartengano al ceppo dialettale tosco, ossia a quelle varietà diffuse nell’Albania meridionale e nella Grecia (quest’ultime note col nome di arvanit), mentre in quella settentrionale e nel Kosovo sono presenti parlate del ceppo ghego. p. 73: "Più opportunamente, esse proverrebbero da diverse contrade balcaniche dell’Impero bizantino, in parte già sotto dominio turco-ottomano, corrispondenti a regioni della attuale Albania e della Grecia, sia insulare che peninsulare."
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 "Albanians in Italy".
↑ "Legge 15 Dicembre 1999, n. 482, Art. 2, comma 1".
↑ Jenny Frost, The Arbëreshë: Italy’s Albanian Diaspora, The Cambridge Language Collective: "Arbëresh (or Arbërisht) is the language spoken by the Arbëreshë community in Italy, descending from a medieval Tosk variety and containing influences from Italian. However, the language is now considered endangered; there are estimated to be fewer than 80,000 remaining native speakers worldwide. This can be put down to multiple factors: while some schools and universities in Rome and Southern Italy do teach the Albanian language, the version taught is standard Albanian rather than Arbëresh. Additionally, young people are often reluctant to use Arbëresh, preferring to use Standard Italian or Italo-Romance dialects, and because forms of Arbëresh can differ between communities, standard Albanian can sometimes be used as a lingua franca."
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 "New Albanian immigrants in the old Albanian diaspora: Piana degli Albanesi" (2003). Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 29 (6): 1015–1032. doi:10.1080/1369183032000171348.
↑ "Radio-Arberesh.eu".
↑ Kristo Frasheri. History of Albania (A Brief Overview). Tirana, 1964.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ”The Italo-Albanian villages of southern Italy,” Issue 25 of Foreign Field Research Program, report, National Research Council (U.S.) Division of Earth Sciences Volume 1149 of Publication (National Research Council (U.S.)) Foreign Field Research Program, sponsored by Office of Naval Research, report; 25 Issue 25 of Report, National Research Council (U.S.). Division of Earth Sciences Volume 1149 of (National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council. Publication). Údar George Nicholas Nasse. Publisher: National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, 1964, lgh 24-25. Link:[1]
↑ Ardian Muhaj "Le origini economiche e demografiche dell'insediamento degli arbëreshë in Italia. Dal medioevo alla prima età moderna", Basiliscos, Rivista specialistica annuale dell' Istituto di Studi Storici per la Basilicata Meridionale, 3 (2016), lgh 26-29

[Matranga&Milano-1] Matranga & Milano 2019, p. 228: "1. Arbëresh is the name used to indicate the linguistic varieties spoken by descendants of groups of Albanian immigrants in southern Italy from the middle of the fifteenth century. The Albanian varieties are divided into Gheghe varieties, spoken (by the Shqiptarë) in the northern part of the albanophone territory, in Kosovo and in Macedonia, and Tosche varieties, spoken in the southern part of Albania (by the Shqiptarë), in some areas of Greece (by the Arvaniti) and in Southern Italy (by the Arbëreshë)."

[FOOTNOTEMatranga201814-2] Matranga 2018, p. 14: È ormai ampiamente condivisa l’opinione che le varietà italo-albanesi appartengano al ceppo dialettale tosco, ossia a quelle varietà diffuse nell’Albania meridionale e nella Grecia (quest’ultime note col nome di arvanit), mentre in quella settentrionale e nel Kosovo sono presenti parlate del ceppo ghego. p. 73: "Più opportunamente, esse proverrebbero da diverse contrade balcaniche dell’Impero bizantino, in parte già sotto dominio turco-ottomano, corrispondenti a regioni della attuale Albania e della Grecia, sia insulare che peninsulare."

[mgr-3] 3.0 ^3.1 "Albanians in Italy".

[Legge482-4] "Legge 15 Dicembre 1999, n. 482, Art. 2, comma 1".

[frost-5] Jenny Frost, The Arbëreshë: Italy’s Albanian Diaspora, The Cambridge Language Collective: "Arbëresh (or Arbërisht) is the language spoken by the Arbëreshë community in Italy, descending from a medieval Tosk variety and containing influences from Italian. However, the language is now considered endangered; there are estimated to be fewer than 80,000 remaining native speakers worldwide. This can be put down to multiple factors: while some schools and universities in Rome and Southern Italy do teach the Albanian language, the version taught is standard Albanian rather than Arbëresh. Additionally, young people are often reluctant to use Arbëresh, preferring to use Standard Italian or Italo-Romance dialects, and because forms of Arbëresh can differ between communities, standard Albanian can sometimes be used as a lingua franca."

[derhemi-6] 6.0 ^6.1 "New Albanian immigrants in the old Albanian diaspora: Piana degli Albanesi" (2003). Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 29 (6): 1015–1032. doi:10.1080/1369183032000171348.

[7] "Radio-Arberesh.eu".

[8] Kristo Frasheri. History of Albania (A Brief Overview). Tirana, 1964.

[Nasse-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ”The Italo-Albanian villages of southern Italy,” Issue 25 of Foreign Field Research Program, report, National Research Council (U.S.) Division of Earth Sciences Volume 1149 of Publication (National Research Council (U.S.)) Foreign Field Research Program, sponsored by Office of Naval Research, report; 25 Issue 25 of Report, National Research Council (U.S.). Division of Earth Sciences Volume 1149 of (National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council. Publication). Údar George Nicholas Nasse. Publisher: National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, 1964, lgh 24-25. Link:[1]

[10] Ardian Muhaj "Le origini economiche e demografiche dell'insediamento degli arbëreshë in Italia. Dal medioevo alla prima età moderna", Basiliscos, Rivista specialistica annuale dell' Istituto di Studi Storici per la Basilicata Meridionale, 3 (2016), lgh 26-29

[1]