Kulles

Kulles on kahepaikse vastne. Kullesed elavad vees, neil on sabad ja kehasisesed lõpused. Arengu käigus kasvavad kullestele ka kopsud ja jalad, mis võimaldavad täiskasvanud kahepaiksetel elada vaheldumisi vees ja kuival maal.

Fossiilid

Vaatamata nende pehmekoelistele kehadele ja mineraliseeritud osade puudumisele on fossiliseeritud kulleseid leitud ülemistest Miotseeni kihtidest.^[1] Hea kvaliteediga säilmed on säilinud biokiledena. Robustsemad kehaosad (lõualuud ja kondid) aga süsinikkiledena.^[2] Hispaaniast leitud miotseeniaegsetest säilmetest on aju kattev kude säilinud kaltsiumkarbonaadis ja närvijätked kaltsiumfosfaadis. Teised kehaosad on säilinud orgaaniliste jääkidena ja bakteriaalsete biokiledena, koos ladestunud orgaanilise materjaliga seedetraktis.^[1]

Inimkasutus

Mõned kullesed on söödavad. Liigi Oreolalax rhodostigmatus kullesed on üpris suured, pikemad kui 10 cm,^[3] ning neid kogutakse toiduks Hiinas.^[4] Indias süüakse liigi Clinotarsus curtipes kulleseid^[5] ning Peruus kasutatakse liigi Telmatobius mayoloi kulleseid toiduks ja meditsiinis.^[6]

Viited

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 McNamara, M. E.; Orr, P. J.; Kearns, S. L.; Alcalá, L.; Anadón, P.; Peñalver-Mollá, E. (2009). "Exceptionally preserved tadpoles from the Miocene of Libros, Spain: ecomorphological reconstruction and the impact of ontogeny upon taphonomy". Lethaia 43 (3): 290—306.doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00192.x
↑ McNamara, M. E.; Orr, P. J.; Kearns, S. L.; Alcalá, L.; Anadón, P.; Peñalver-Mollá, E. (2006). Taphonomy of exceptionally preserved tadpoles from the Miocene Libros fauna, Spain: Ontogeny, ecology and mass mortality (PDF). The Palaeontological Association 50th Annual Meeting. The Palaeontological Association
↑ Li, Cheng; Xian-Guang Guo; Yue-Zhao Wang (2011). "Tadpole types of Chinese megophryid frogs (Anura: Megophryidae) and implications for larval evolution". Current Zoology 57 (1): 93—100.
↑ Fei Liang, Wu Guanfu (2004). "Oreolalax rhodostigmatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
↑ Biju, S.D.; Dutta, Sushil and Inger, Robert (2004). "Clinotarsus curtipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
↑ Javier Icochea, Edgar Lehr (2004). "Telmatobius mayoloi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 23 October 2013.

[:0-1] 1,0 ^1,1 McNamara, M. E.; Orr, P. J.; Kearns, S. L.; Alcalá, L.; Anadón, P.; Peñalver-Mollá, E. (2009). "Exceptionally preserved tadpoles from the Miocene of Libros, Spain: ecomorphological reconstruction and the impact of ontogeny upon taphonomy". Lethaia 43 (3): 290—306.doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00192.x

[2] McNamara, M. E.; Orr, P. J.; Kearns, S. L.; Alcalá, L.; Anadón, P.; Peñalver-Mollá, E. (2006). Taphonomy of exceptionally preserved tadpoles from the Miocene Libros fauna, Spain: Ontogeny, ecology and mass mortality (PDF). The Palaeontological Association 50th Annual Meeting. The Palaeontological Association

[3] Li, Cheng; Xian-Guang Guo; Yue-Zhao Wang (2011). "Tadpole types of Chinese megophryid frogs (Anura: Megophryidae) and implications for larval evolution". Current Zoology 57 (1): 93—100.

[4] Fei Liang, Wu Guanfu (2004). "Oreolalax rhodostigmatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 22 October 2013.

[5] Biju, S.D.; Dutta, Sushil and Inger, Robert (2004). "Clinotarsus curtipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 4 May 2014.

[6] Javier Icochea, Edgar Lehr (2004). "Telmatobius mayoloi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 23 October 2013.

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