retina

From Middle English rethina, borrowing from Medieval Latin rētīna (“retina”, feminine noun), ellipsis of tunica rētīna (“net-like tunic”), used to describe the blood vessel system at the back of the eye. The phrase is attested in the 12th century in Guillelmus the abbot and Gerard of Cremona—the latter may have created this phrase as a translation for Arabic طَبَقَة شَبَكِيَّة (ṭabaqa šabakiyya) "net-like layer", which translates Ancient Greek ἀμφιβληστροειδής χῐτών (amphiblēstroeidḗs khitṓn, “retina”),^[1] which is attested in the ancient medical writer Galen.^[2]

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˈɹɛt.ɪ.nə/

  • Audio (Southern England):

    (file)

• (General American) IPA^(key): /ˈɹɛt.ə.nə/, /ˈɹɛt.nə/
• Rhymes: -ɛtɪnə

retina (plural retinas or retinae or (archaic) retinæ)

2. (ophthalmology) The thin layer of cells at the back of the eyeball that contains rods and cones sensitive to light, which trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain, where a visual image is formed.

• retineum
• retinula

• “retina”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
• “retina”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.

• Reitan, atrine, ratiné, retain, tanier, tearin', tin ear

Learned borrowing from Latin retina.

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [rəˈti.nə]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [reˈti.na]

retina f (plural retines)

1. retina

• “retina” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

From Medieval Latin rētina, the diminutive form of Latin rēte (“net”), probably from Vulgar Latin tunica retina (literally “net-like tunic”), used to describe the blood vessel system at the back of the eye.

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: re‧ti‧na

retina f or m (plural retina's, diminutive retinaatje n)

1. retina

   Synonym: netvlies

• traine

Learned borrowing from Latin retina.

• IPA^(key): /ˈretinɑ/, [ˈre̞t̪inɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -etinɑ
• Syllabification^(key): re‧ti‧na

retina

1. Synonym of verkkokalvo (“retina”)

Inflection of retina (Kotus type 13/katiska, no gradation)
nominative		retina	retinat
genitive		retinan	retinoiden retinoitten retinojen
partitive		retinaa	retinoita retinoja
illative		retinaan	retinoihin
		singular	plural
nominative		retina	retinat
accusative	nom.	retina	retinat
	gen.	retinan
genitive		retinan	retinoiden retinoitten retinojen retinain rare
partitive		retinaa	retinoita retinoja
inessive		retinassa	retinoissa
elative		retinasta	retinoista
illative		retinaan	retinoihin
adessive		retinalla	retinoilla
ablative		retinalta	retinoilta
allative		retinalle	retinoille
essive		retinana	retinoina
translative		retinaksi	retinoiksi
abessive		retinatta	retinoitta
instructive		—	retinoin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of retina (Kotus type 13/katiska, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative retinani retinani accusative nom. retinani retinani gen. retinani genitive retinani retinoideni retinoitteni retinojeni retinaini rare partitive retinaani retinoitani retinojani inessive retinassani retinoissani elative retinastani retinoistani illative retinaani retinoihini adessive retinallani retinoillani ablative retinaltani retinoiltani allative retinalleni retinoilleni essive retinanani retinoinani translative retinakseni retinoikseni abessive retinattani retinoittani instructive — — comitative — retinoineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative retinasi retinasi accusative nom. retinasi retinasi gen. retinasi genitive retinasi retinoidesi retinoittesi retinojesi retinaisi rare partitive retinaasi retinoitasi retinojasi inessive retinassasi retinoissasi elative retinastasi retinoistasi illative retinaasi retinoihisi adessive retinallasi retinoillasi ablative retinaltasi retinoiltasi allative retinallesi retinoillesi essive retinanasi retinoinasi translative retinaksesi retinoiksesi abessive retinattasi retinoittasi instructive — — comitative — retinoinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative retinamme retinamme accusative nom. retinamme retinamme gen. retinamme genitive retinamme retinoidemme retinoittemme retinojemme retinaimme rare partitive retinaamme retinoitamme retinojamme inessive retinassamme retinoissamme elative retinastamme retinoistamme illative retinaamme retinoihimme adessive retinallamme retinoillamme ablative retinaltamme retinoiltamme allative retinallemme retinoillemme essive retinanamme retinoinamme translative retinaksemme retinoiksemme abessive retinattamme retinoittamme instructive — — comitative — retinoinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative retinanne retinanne accusative nom. retinanne retinanne gen. retinanne genitive retinanne retinoidenne retinoittenne retinojenne retinainne rare partitive retinaanne retinoitanne retinojanne inessive retinassanne retinoissanne elative retinastanne retinoistanne illative retinaanne retinoihinne adessive retinallanne retinoillanne ablative retinaltanne retinoiltanne allative retinallenne retinoillenne essive retinananne retinoinanne translative retinaksenne retinoiksenne abessive retinattanne retinoittanne instructive — — comitative — retinoinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative retinansa retinansa accusative nom. retinansa retinansa gen. retinansa genitive retinansa retinoidensa retinoittensa retinojensa retinainsa rare partitive retinaansa retinoitaan retinojaan retinoitansa retinojansa inessive retinassaan retinassansa retinoissaan retinoissansa elative retinastaan retinastansa retinoistaan retinoistansa illative retinaansa retinoihinsa adessive retinallaan retinallansa retinoillaan retinoillansa ablative retinaltaan retinaltansa retinoiltaan retinoiltansa allative retinalleen retinallensa retinoilleen retinoillensa essive retinanaan retinanansa retinoinaan retinoinansa translative retinakseen retinaksensa retinoikseen retinoiksensa abessive retinattaan retinattansa retinoittaan retinoittansa instructive — — comitative — retinoineen retinoinensa

• “retina”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja‎^[1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

• arenti, aterin, tieran

From Late Latin rētina, the diminutive form of Latin rēte (“net”).^[1]

• IPA^(key): [ˈrɛtinɒ]
• Hyphenation: re‧ti‧na
• Rhymes: -nɒ

retina (plural retinák)

1. (anatomy) retina (the thin layer of cells at the back of the eyeball where light is converted into neural signals sent to the brain)

Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	retina	retinák
accusative	retinát	retinákat
dative	retinának	retináknak
instrumental	retinával	retinákkal
causal-final	retináért	retinákért
translative	retinává	retinákká
terminative	retináig	retinákig
essive-formal	retinaként	retinákként
essive-modal	retinául	—
inessive	retinában	retinákban
superessive	retinán	retinákon
adessive	retinánál	retináknál
illative	retinába	retinákba
sublative	retinára	retinákra
allative	retinához	retinákhoz
elative	retinából	retinákból
delative	retináról	retinákról
ablative	retinától	retináktól
non-attributive possessive - singular	retináé	retináké
non-attributive possessive - plural	retináéi	retinákéi

Possessive forms of retina
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	retinám	retináim
2nd person sing.	retinád	retináid
3rd person sing.	retinája	retinái
1st person plural	retinánk	retináink
2nd person plural	retinátok	retináitok
3rd person plural	retinájuk	retináik

• retina in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

retina (plural retinas)

1. retina

• retinal

The original sense (Etymology 2) of retina, but given a specific anatomical meaning.

• IPA^(key): /ˈrɛ.ti.na/
• Rhymes: -ɛtina
• Hyphenation: rè‧ti‧na

retina f (plural retine)

1. (anatomy) retina

From rete +‎ -ina.

• IPA^(key): /reˈti.na/
• Rhymes: -ina
• Hyphenation: re‧tì‧na

retina f (plural retine)

1. diminutive of rete
   1. small net
   2. hairnet

• IPA^(key): /reˈti.na/
• Rhymes: -ina
• Hyphenation: re‧tì‧na

retina

1. inflection of retinare:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

• Renati, anitre, arenti, entrai, intera, ratine, renati, rinate, tenari, tirane

Generally explained as a deverbal of retineō (“hold back”).^[1][2] Alternatively, derived from retinācula ("reins" - far more common than the singular retināculum), reinterpreted as a feminine diminutive and back-formed into retina. Attested in the Glossarium Ansileubi, which was written between 650 and 800 CE.^[3]

retina f (genitive retinae); first declension (Early Medieval Latin)

1. rein (strap or rope attached to a bridle or bit, used to control an animal)
   • 10th century, anonymous, Chronicon Salernitanum 68, (example from DuCange):

     Apprehensaque equi Retina, celeriter eum Beneventum ducebat

     Having seized the horse's rein(s), he quickly rode it to Benevento.

• Italo-Romance:
  • Old Italian: redina (plural redine)
    • ⇒ Italian: redine (new singular)
    • Tuscan: redola (Lucca)
  • Neapolitan: rétena
  • Sicilian: rètina
  • → Byzantine Greek: ρέτενα (rétena)
• North Italian: (sometimes blended with briglia)
  • Gallo-Italic:
    • Emilian: redna
    • Ligurian: rédena
    • Lombard: rèdena, redna
    • Piedmontese: rëdna, rënna
  • Ladin: remni (pl.) ⇒ breni
  • Friulian: rèdine ⇒ brene
  • Romansch: regna
  • Venetan: redena ⇒ brena
• Gallo-Romance:
  • Old French: resne, redne (archaic), reyne, raine, raigne, raisne, reine, resine, renne
    • French: rêne
    • → English: rein
• Occitano-Romance:
  • Catalan: regna
  • Occitan: retna
• Ibero-Romance:
  • Old Galician-Portuguese: redẽa
    • Galician: rédea
    • Portuguese: rédea
  • Old Spanish: rienda
    • Spanish: rienda
      • →? Galician: renda
      • → Tagalog: renda

• 2. RETINA in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

• rētīna: (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /reːˈtiː.na/, [reːˈt̪iːnä]
• rētīna: (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /reˈti.na/, [reˈt̪iːnä]

rētīna

1. inflection of rētīnus:
   1. nominative/vocative feminine singular
   2. nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural

rētīnā

1. ablative feminine singular of rētīnus

Ellipsis of tunica rētīna (“a net-like tunic”), referring to the fibrillar texture of the eye's retina.^[1] The phrase is attested since at least the 12th century, and this noun usage since the 13th c.

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /reːˈtiː.na/, [reːˈt̪iːnä]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /reˈti.na/, [reˈt̪iːnä]

rētīna f (genitive rētīnae); first declension

1. (Medieval Latin, anatomy) the retina of an eye
   • 13th c., Roger Bacon, Opus maius 5.1.2.3:

     Et dicit Avicenna quarto de Animalibus, quod retina ducit nutrimentum secundum veritatem ad partes oculi

     And Avicenna says in his fourth book on Animals that the retina actually takes nutrients to the parts of the eye

• → Middle English: rethina
  • English: retina

An etymologising spelling, closer to the word’s etymon Ancient Greek ῥητῑ́νη (rhētī́nē, “resin of the pine”).

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /reːˈtiː.na/, [reːˈt̪iːnä]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /reˈti.na/, [reˈt̪iːnä]

rētīna f (genitive rētīnae); first declension

1. medieval spelling of rēsīna (“resin”)

• 1. RETINA in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)

• Hyphenation: re‧ti‧na

retina f (plural retinas)

1. retina (thin layer of cells at the back of the eyeball)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

retina

1. inflection of retinir:
   1. first/third-person singular present subjunctive
   2. third-person singular imperative

• IPA^(key): /reˈti.na/
• Rhymes: -ina
• Hyphenation: re‧ti‧na

retina

1. definite nominative/accusative singular of retină

• IPA^(key): /reˈtina/ [reˈt̪i.na]

• Audio (Colombia):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ina
• Syllabification: re‧ti‧na

retina f (plural retinas)

1. retina

• “retina”, in Diccionario de la lengua española (in Spanish), online version 23.7, Royal Spanish Academy, 2023 November 28