в-

• во- (vo-) — before certain consonant clusters

Inherited from Old East Slavic въ- (vŭ-), from Proto-Slavic *vъ(n)-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én. The /n/ persists in внять (vnjatʹ). See also в (v), Old East Slavic въ (vŭ), Proto-Slavic *vъ(n). Compare the similar development in с- (s-) from Proto-Slavic *sъ(n)-.

• IPA^(key): [v] (before vowels and voiced consonants)
• IPA^(key): [f] (before voiceless consonants)

в- • (v-)

1. added to verbs, forms verbs with the approximate meaning 'in' or 'into'

   ‎во- (vo-) + ‎-йти́ (-jtí, “to go”) → ‎войти́ (vojtí, “to go in, to enter”)

2. added with -ся (-sja) to verbs, forms verbs with the approximate meaning of thoroughness or completeness of action

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎чита́ть (čitátʹ, “to read”) + ‎-ся (-sja) → ‎вчита́ться (včitátʹsja, “to read carefully, delving into the content to better understand”)

3. added to adjectives, forms adverbs with the approximate meaning 'in the manner of [the adjective]'

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎ручно́й (ručnój, “(relational) hand; manual”) → ‎вручну́ю (vručnúju, “manually (by hand)”)

4. added to nouns, forms adverbs with the approximate meaning 'in the direction or location of [the noun]'

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎нутро́ (nutró, “the inside”) → ‎внутри́ (vnutrí, “inside”)

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎низ (niz, “the bottom”) → ‎вниз (vniz, “downwards”)

5. added to numerals, forms adverbs based on the numeral

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎дво́е (dvóje, “two (in a group together)”) → ‎вдво́е (vdvóje, “twice, by half”)

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎дво́е (dvóje, “two (in a group together)”) → ‎вдвоём (vdvojóm, “as a two”)

• в (v)

• IPA^(key): [ʋ]; before vowels
• IPA^(key): [w]; before б, г, ґ, д, ж, з, л, м, н, р
• IPA^(key): [ʍ]; before к, п, с, т, х, ц, ч, ш, щ

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Inherited from Old Ruthenian в-, въ- (v-, v-), from Old East Slavic въ- (vŭ-), from Proto-Slavic *vъ(n)-.

• вві- (vvi-)
• уві- (uvi-)
• у- (u-) (used after consonants or at the beginning of a clause)

в- • (v-)

1. (added to verbs) into, in (indicates inward movement)

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎бі́гти impf (bíhty, “to run”) → ‎вбі́гти pf (vbíhty, “to run in, to run into”)

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎нести́ impf (nestý, “to carry, to bring”) → ‎внести́ pf (vnestý, “to carry in, to bring in, to contribute”)

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎ключ impf (ključ, “key”) + ‎-ити (-yty) → ‎включи́ти pf (vključýty, “to include, to turn on”)

2. (added to verbs in combination with -ся (-sja)) indicates thoroughness, profoundness

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎чита́ти (čytáty, “to read”) + ‎-ся (-sja) → ‎вчита́тися pf (včytátysja, “to read carefully, study carefully”)

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎ду́мати (dúmaty, “to think”) + ‎-ся (-sja) → ‎вду́матися pf (vdúmatysja, “to consider, to think over, to ponder over”)

3. (used to form adverbs) -wise

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎шир (šyr, “width, breadth”) → ‎вшир (všyr, “widthwise, breadthwise”)

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎довж (dovž, “length”) → ‎вдовж (vdovž, “lengthwise”)

4. (used to form adverbs) -ward, -wards

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎пере́д (peréd, “front”) → ‎впере́д (vperéd, “forward, forwards”)

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎лі́во (lívo, “left”) → ‎влі́во (vlívo, “left, leftward”)

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎середи́на (seredýna, “middle, center”) → ‎всере́дині (vserédyni, “inside, inward”)

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎гора́ (horá, “mountain”) → ‎вго́ру (vhóru, “up, upward, upwards”)

5. (used to form adverbs) time

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎пе́рший (péršyj, “first”) + ‎-е (-e) → ‎впе́рше (vpérše, “first time, for the first time”)

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎чотирна́дцятий (čotyrnádcjatyj, “fourteenth”) + ‎-е (-e) → ‎вчотирна́дцяте (včotyrnádcjate, “for the fourteenth time”)

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎со́тий (sótyj, “hundredth”) + ‎-е (-e) → ‎всо́те (vsóte, “for the hundredth time”)

6. (used to form adverbs) -fold, by

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎дві́чі (dvíči, “twice”) → ‎вдві́чі (vdvíči, “twofold, by two”)

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎дво́є (dvóje, “two of, two”) → ‎вдво́є (vdvóje, “twofold, by two, in two”)

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎десятеро (desjatero, “ten of, ten”) → ‎вде́сятеро (vdésjatero, “tenfold, by ten”)

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎полови́на (polovýna, “half”) → ‎вполови́ну (vpolovýnu, “by half”)

7. (used to form adverbs) by, -ly (describes manner in which something is done)

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎плав (plav, “swimming, sailing”) → ‎вплав (vplav, “by swimming, by sailing”)

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎роздроби́ти (rozdrobýty, “to fragment, to split up”) → ‎вро́здріб (vrózdrib, “one by one, separately, by retail”)

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎лад (lad, “order, accord, harmony”) → ‎влад (vlad, “appropriately, harmoniously, to rhythmically, in accord”)

   ‎в- (v-) + ‎ручни́й (ručnýj, “manual, hand”) → ‎вручну́ (vručnú, “by hand, manually”)

Inherited from Old Ruthenian у-, в- (u-, v-), from Old East Slavic оу-, въ- (u-, vŭ-), from Proto-Slavic *u-.

• у- (u-)

в- • (v-)

1. Alternative form of у- (u-) (used after consonants or at the beginning of a clause)