Xenodontinae

Xenodontinae
	A xenodontine snake, Xenodon dorbignyi
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Colubridae
Subfamily:	Xenodontinae; Cope, 1895

Xenodontinae is a subfamily of snakes in the family Colubridae.^[2]^[3]

The subfamily Xenodontinae encompasses a number of rear-fanged (opisthoglyphous), mildly venomous snake genera found in South America and the Caribbean. Members of the subfamily Xenodontinae are by definition closer relatives to the genus Xenodon than they are to the genus Dipsas. Some authors consider Xenodontinae and Dipsadinae to be synonymous. If the two names are used synonymously, then Dipsadinae is the correct name because it is older.^[4]

Genera

Alsophis (includes Dromicus)
Apostolepis
Arrhyton
Boiruna
Caaeteboia
Calamodontophis
Caraiba (formerly Antillophis)
Clelia
Conophis
Ditaxodon Hoge, 1958
Drepanoides
Echinanthera
Elapomorphus
Erythrolamprus (includes Liophis and Umbrivaga)
Gomesophis
Helicops
Hydrodynastes
Hydrops
Hypsirhynchus (includes Darlingtonia)
Ialtris
Lygophis
Magliophis
Manolepis
Mussurana
Oxyrhopus
Paikwaophis
Phalotris
Philodryas (including Pseudablabes)
Phimophis
Pseudalsophis
Pseudoboa Schneider, 1801
Pseudoeryx
Pseudotomodon
Psomophis
Ptychophis
Rhachidelus
Saphenophis
Siphlophis
Tachymenis
Taeniophallus
Thamnodynastes
Tomodon
Tropidodryas
Uromacer
Xenodon (includes Lystrophis and Waglerophis)

When used as a subfamily of Dipsadidae, Xenodontinae does not include genera placed in the subfamily Dipsadinae (e.g. Dipsas, Sibon, Coniophanes, Atractus, Geophis, Hypsiglena, Imantodes, Leptodeira, Ninia, Rhadinaea, Urotheca) nor the North American relict genera (Heterodon, Farancia, Diadophis, Carphophis, Contia), nor the Asian genus Thermophis, because these are too distantly-related to Xenodon.^[2]^[3]

References

^ "Xenodontinae". ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System). www.itis.gov.
^ ^a ^b Grazziotin, Felipe G.; Zaher, Hussam; Murphy, Robert W.; Scrocchi, Gustavo; Benavides, Marco A.; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Bonatto, Sandro L. (2012). "Molecular phylogeny of the New World Dipsadidae (Serpentes: Colubroidea): a reappraisal". Cladistics. 28 (5): 437–459. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00393.x. PMID 34836446. S2CID 84934386.
^ ^a ^b Zaher, H.; Grazziotin, F. G.; Cadle, J. E.; Murphy, R. W.; Moura-Leite, J. C.; Bonatto, S. L. (2009). "Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: A revised classification and descriptions of new taxa". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 49 (11): 115–153. doi:10.1590/s0031-10492009001100001. hdl:11449/71032.
^ Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F. T.; Colli, G. R.; De Oca, A. N. M.; Vitt, L. J.; Kuczynski, C. A.; Wiens, J. J. (2011). "The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 58 (2): 329–342. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.006. PMID 21074626. Finally, we follow Zaher et al. (2009) in using the name Dipsadinae (Bonaparte, 1840) to refer to Xenodontinae (Bonaparte, 1845) of Lawson et al. (2005) and previous authors, based on priority.

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[1] "Xenodontinae". ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System). www.itis.gov.

[Grazziotin_et_al._2012-2] Grazziotin, Felipe G.; Zaher, Hussam; Murphy, Robert W.; Scrocchi, Gustavo; Benavides, Marco A.; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Bonatto, Sandro L. (2012). "Molecular phylogeny of the New World Dipsadidae (Serpentes: Colubroidea): a reappraisal". Cladistics. 28 (5): 437–459. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00393.x. PMID 34836446. S2CID 84934386.

[Zaher2009-3] Zaher, H.; Grazziotin, F. G.; Cadle, J. E.; Murphy, R. W.; Moura-Leite, J. C.; Bonatto, S. L. (2009). "Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: A revised classification and descriptions of new taxa". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 49 (11): 115–153. doi:10.1590/s0031-10492009001100001. hdl:11449/71032.

[Pyron2011-4] Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F. T.; Colli, G. R.; De Oca, A. N. M.; Vitt, L. J.; Kuczynski, C. A.; Wiens, J. J. (2011). "The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 58 (2): 329–342. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.006. PMID 21074626. Finally, we follow Zaher et al. (2009) in using the name Dipsadinae (Bonaparte, 1840) to refer to Xenodontinae (Bonaparte, 1845) of Lawson et al. (2005) and previous authors, based on priority.

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